While it's by no means a diagnosis, a number of things you describe fall into the range of Autism Spectrum disorders. Self injury is a classic hallmark of these conditions, as is the emotional instability. His being bright, but unable to function in a standard school classroom would also be consistent with that.
The public school that he goes to should have personell trained to recognize the signs of a potential Autism Spectrum disorder. The problem is, you're not his parent, and unless his parents request and cooperate with an evaluation it's just not going to happen.
No matter what the issue is, you are virtually powerless to help. With parental rights laws being what they are, unless the child is visibly abused no authorities are likely to offer help unless it is requested by the parents.
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Faith: not wanting to know what is true.
~Friedrich Nietzsche
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