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http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/0...cnn/index.html
Quote:
Genesis spacecraft crash-lands in desert
By Michael Coren
CNN
Wednesday, September 8, 2004 Posted: 12:22 PM EDT (1622 GMT)
(CNN) -- The Genesis return capsule crashed into the desert on Wednesday missing a mid-air retrieval that was meant to protect the spacecraft from a potentially damaging impact with the Earth.
"The capsule has suffered extensive damage. It has broken apart on the desert floor," said an official on NASA TV. "Hopefully, there will be enough evidence to see what went wrong. Whether there will be enough science left inside remains to be seen."
Teams are attempting to recover the craft. NASA has warned them that a "live mortar" or explosive charge designed to deploy the chutes may still be armed.
NASA officials at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said that long-range cameras did not detect the parachutes that should have slowed the craft.
"There was no drogue chute or parafoil," said a JPL spokesman. "Under those condition, the Genesis capsule hit the ground at about 100 mph."
NASA officials located the spacecraft around noon on Wednesday after it dug into the desert soil.
It is unclear if any of the scientific instruments or samples were damaged.
The daring trip to study the solar wind streaked home today as the Genesis capsule makes a fiery ride across the skies of Oregon, northeastern Nevada, southwestern Idaho and western Utah.
By 11:55 am EDT, it will reach the roof of the atmosphere, about 410,000 feet, and start glowing like a streaking meteor. The spacecraft will be be retrieved by helicopter above the Utah desert carrying extraterrestrial samples.
"We are bringing a piece of the sun down to Earth," said Charles Elachi, the director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "That's going to give us some fundamental understanding of our origins."
Scientists say the data will not only reveal the composition of the sun, but illuminate how our planet could have formed from clouds of stellar dust.
"Four and a half billion years ago, all of the matter of the solar system, including us, was part of a giant molecular cloud," said Don Burnett, principal investigator for the Genesis mission. "Genesis is providing the chemical composition of that solar nebula. ...The material is still stored for us in the surface of the sun."
Two helicopters will be poised above a Utah Air Force base to snag the Genesis spacecraft's return capsule. The sturdy container contains atomic isotopes collected as particles streaming off the sun, known as the solar wind.
The unorthodox midair retrieval will snag the first extraterrestrial samples since the Apollo missions in the 1970s.
Genesis collected the particles over the last two years on special tiles made from silicon, diamond, gold, sapphire and other materials. The solar particles, embedded in the collector tiles, were ejected at about 280 miles per second (450 km/s) from the sun's scorching corona or outer atmosphere.
Genesis will fill in an astronomical blank spot about its makeup.
"What we've been missing is a starting point," says Burnett. "These samples allow precise measurements of the abundance of elements and isotopes in the sun."
Our star accounts for 99 percent of the mass in the solar system. It is composed mostly of isotopes of hydrogen and helium and includes 60 other elements including neon, argon carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron.
In all, Genesis has collected the equivalent of a few grains of the material. Scientists say that is enough to keep researchers busy for decades.
"In some cases, we will be studying these one atom at a time," said Burnett who estimates there will be a "billion billion" atoms available for study.
"We'll have a reservoir of solar matter," he said. "We can meet the requirements for (studying ) the solar composition through the 21st century."
Genesis mission
Launched in 2001 from Cape Canaveral, the Genesis spacecraft traveled beyond the protective cloak of Earth's magnetosphere for two years before heading home. Because of Earth's electromagnetic field, much of the sun's deadly radiation and material never reaches the planet's surface.
In April, the craft ejected a 500-pound return capsule for return to Earth.
It has been approaching the planet at a leisurely 600 mph. By the time it reaches Earth's atmosphere, the craft will be racing toward the planet at more than 25,000 mph. It will use a series of parachutes to slow its descent.
On Wednesday, it is expected to enter the atmosphere at 11:55 am ET above Oregon and, just two minutes later, glide down over the Utah desert. The main parachute, a wing-like parafoil, will deploy during its decent and a helicopter will snatch the Genesis capsule when it is still about a mile off the ground.
This daring retrieval method will protect the samples and sensitive instruments during reentry. A crash landing, even at the capsule's relatively slow speed of 9 mph, could ruin some of the data collected during the mission.
The prospects for success look good according to NASA's retrieval partner in the mission, the aerospace firm Vertigo.
"If they can find it, the success rate is very high," said Vertigo official Roy Haggard.
A modified helicopter -- with a winch, hydraulic capture pole and hundreds of feet of line -- will follow the capsule by radar until it moves in and snags the parafoil. Because the Genesis capsule must repressurize in the upper atmosphere, scientists want to minimize the sample's exposure to air and possible contamination.
Once it is secured at a NASA facility, scientists can breathe easier, said Burnett.
"After that we can take our time, and we will see what we have," he said.
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