Tilted Forum Project Discussion Community  

Go Back   Tilted Forum Project Discussion Community > The Academy > Tilted Knowledge and How-To


 
 
LinkBack Thread Tools
Old 05-30-2005, 10:00 AM   #1 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Drop out.

Here's the link but you'll have to register to view it there.

Quote:
Break from the herd

Bill Gates did it. So did Brad Pitt, Michael Dell and Louis Armstrong.


07:07 PM CDT on Saturday, May 28, 2005

Maverick education reformer JOHN TAYLOR GATTO advises today's ambitions young people to cut loose from convention, drop out of college and tune in to America's greatest export: creativity.

On Feb. 28, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates challenged the governors of America's 50 states to make college preparation a priority for everyone in public high schools. Anything less, he said, would condemn millions of poor children to lives denied of opportunity.

DAVID PLUNKERT/Special Contributor It's an equation we've all heard many times: College graduates make more money, therefore they are happier, therefore send more people to college to find better lives for themselves.

The day after Mr. Gates delivered this heartfelt appeal, I left for Guangzhou. The day I landed, my Chinese hosts were eager to discuss the Gates address, so intimate has the linkage between money and college been made to appear after a century of steady propaganda.

Not a single press account I read or heard bothered to point out that Mr. Gates himself dropped out of college after a single year. Or the even more provocative detail that he hasn't bothered to go back. Not even $40 billion or so in the bank represents security enough for him to take time off from the office to improve himself? Hmm.Without dropouts like Bill Gates, America wouldn't have a dominant global position in computers at all. We owe a great deal to dropouts and record government subsidies during the development period. College had very little to do with it.

Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft, was a dropout, too. He never bothered to go back for a degree either.

Steve Jobs, the big man behind Apple, dropped out of Reed College after one semester. In all the years since, a pressing need for a diploma hasn't surfaced yet. Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple, abandoned college and never looked back.

And whatever Michael Dell of Dell Computer owes his dazzling success and his billions to, it isn't college. He, too, dropped out. Larry Ellison, CEO of Oracle ... you guessed it!

Some measure of the gross disinformation peddled on high can be guessed at if you realize that nobody in the computer business believes that high school or college training has much to do with success in the design or operation of the things.

Attention to things in school is the best advertising the computer business can get, of course, and schools are the biggest customers of all. But you can acquire enough facility with the things in 60 days outside school to handle anything MIT is likely to throw at you.

My daughter Briseis told me that. She graduated from MIT, a computer wonderland, and to my dying day I'll never forget her outrage about the considerable number of MIT students who don't bother to wait for a diploma but drop out long before for lucrative jobs.

At corporations that couldn't care less that they have no degree.

Fast-food China
When I got to my hotel in Guangzhou, encomiums for Mr. Gates were still echoing in the international press, whose presence in China is puzzling until you realize that half the people in China seem to speak English. After a few days I came to see that nearly universal Internet access in a dazzling array of businesses – gift shops, tailor shops, restaurants and so forth, as well as abundant Internet cafes – was the reason for this startling language facility.

It had nothing to do with colleges. Which didn't surprise me.

Computers in all their lucrative manifestations weren't the only American dropout businesses cutting a huge swath across China. Block after block revealed a density of fast-food franchises, which boggled my Pittsburgher mind. And each Taco Bell, each KFC, each Golden Arches, was jammed wall-to-wall with Chinese.

Here in a city with the most exquisite and affordable Chinese food on Earth, those killer french fries were winning the day. Good for America, good for Chinese medicine, a good deal all around.

Back in the United States, burger-flipping is becoming a principal source of employment. It is also a business exclusively created by high-school dropouts. According to the best-selling Fast Food Nation, every single founder of every major fast-food chain is a dropout. All of them.

Imagine how horrific our balance of trade would become without this enormous business created by high school dropouts.

More school isn't the answer, Mr. Gates. Too much school already is our problem.

The other dream team
China is now so perfectly encased in a bubble of American entertainment that I'll be dumbfounded if much serious all-Chinese culture exists in 30 years. Right under their noses, we're colonizing their minds.

I was having tea at an outdoor cafe where every single patron – about 50 Chinese men and women, of all ages – sat entranced before a TV set showing the Minnesota Timberwolves pro basketball team have a go at the Detroit Pistons. Then the thought struck me: It won't be long before these people are hooked on everything American. Soon they'll want to participate in the American imagination.

Not America's bad schooling, but its imagination.

It turns my stomach to say this, but we owe more than we know to our dream team: David Geffen of Dreamworks (flunked out of Brooklyn College), Yoko Ono (dropped out of Sarah Lawrence), Blockbuster founder Wayne Huizenga (logged only three semesters), Ted Turner (kicked out), Bill Murray (dropout), Sharon Stone (dropout), Brad Pitt (dropout) – hey, I could go on until Christmas.

The Gates approach could bankrupt our native genius by locking away even more of our young people – at the zenith of their creative power – into sterile classrooms.

Why would he do this? If he thinks the jobs will be there to absorb these millions of new college graduates productively, then he: knows nothing of the deadly disease of capitalism called overproduction; doesn't realize the lesson of his own life and Ray Kroc's and Walt Disney's and Louis Armstrong's; and doesn't understand the lessons of British India or post-World War I Germany about what happens when too many people trained as clerks for the bureaucracy – for that's really what our colleges are about – suddenly find themselves underemployed.

Our economy has prevailed against all comers for several centuries because it has allowed resourcefulness, inventiveness and imagination, along with courage, to dominate. The American juggernauts sweeping all competition in Guangzhou owe nothing to college training.

All are erected out of nothing but imagination: imagination and lines inscribed on sand grains; imagination and ground-up cow parts; imagination and visual and auditory recordings of people pretending to be someone they aren't – or singing their hearts out.

We need to realize with pride and exhilaration what these things mean. We need to follow the lessons of our unparalleled jazz domination of the world, not the interlude of factory slavery – even in the factories of university life.

Try to understand what it really means to embrace the American dream of liberty and how very rich that has made us and will make us again if we're willing to turn our backs on the promise of corporations to make us safe.

We need to demand that our schools locate our own American genius once again and learn to know and appreciate it. We've had about a half-century now with schooling in the service of government and corporation, instead of serving families, free enterprise or God.

Fifteen years ago, Supreme Court Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor told graduating college seniors, "Your challenge will not come so much in breaking new paths but in deciding to choose among many paths open to you."

But 200 years earlier, at the beginning of America, Thomas Jefferson told an American audience a much different story. He said that only bad citizens train themselves to fit the reality they inherit, but good citizens make the society they live in.

Are you listening, Mr. Gates? My friends tell me you're investing in another project to transform secondary schooling called "To Make Citizens: Seven Propositions Toward a Course Correction in Education."

Citizens? Sounds good, as long as you don't forget that citizens learn to argue with power. They aren't yes men. They don't memorize what society says should be taught in colleges. They make the world they live in.

The Jeffersonian ideal of citizenship isn't Justice O'Connor's, and I don't believe it's yours at the moment. Only one is fit for free men and women.

The secret of jazz The Apostle Paul wrote again and again that salvation isn't about following the rules. We aren't going to find secular salvation today through observing the rules of yesterday. Alas, they are mainly what colleges teach. The best clue to what path to follow is hidden in our jazz.

Apple Computer is jazz, McDonald's is jazz, DreamWorks is jazz, the Super Bowl is jazz, comic books are jazz, block parties are jazz, bass-fishing derbies are jazz, the Williams sisters are jazz, Tiger Woods is jazz.

Over in China, the revered Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the oldest continuous music school on the planet, can't even believe the principles of jazz are real! That with enough courage and trust in yourself, you can hear a piece of music once, and ring dazzling changes on it forever and ever.

They can't duplicate our jazz.

But everything else we make doesn't worry them a bit.

David Ricardo, the great capitalist philosopher, would understand at once that I'm saying: The road to wealth comes from understanding yourself. Doing what you do best, not what other people do best.

America faces an emergency, and vested interests – including the interests of colleges – have to be set aside for the common good. The biggest obstacle blocking American progress is forced institutional schooling; the next biggest is forced college training, which promises far more than it can deliver.

Young people, don't be afraid. The future depends on you. Take your lead from Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener, and say to Mr. Gates: "I would prefer not to."

John Taylor Gatto is a former New York State Teacher of the Year and the author of several books on educational reform. He was the keynote speaker at the Australian national Educational Leadership Conference in 2004 and has spoken in every American state and 12 foreign countries. You may contact him through johntaylorgatto.com. Copyright 2005, by John Taylor Gatto. All rights reserved.
I dropped out of college, and get harassed about not finishing A LOT. Now I have some basis for argument.
EULA is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 10:11 AM   #2 (permalink)
Addict
 
Location: Amish-land, PA
I think what this article is not looking at is the need for college. Yes, sure, Gates and Jobs dropped out. That's because they were so stunningly brilliant that college couldn't deal with them. Same goes for Einstein, who had issues with passing high school science - the standard way of thinking just wasn't working for him.

On the whole, though, college is a very, very good thing. Even ignoring the education/books side of it, college allows a giant new opportunity to network, learn new people skills, meet people who will be important in the future, and grow and develop as a person (and have a shitload of fun). It's irresponsible, and ridiculous, for any educated person to write that college is not needed.

Again, ignoring the educational benefits, the bachelor's diploma is the new high-school degree. Good luck getting any job paying higher than 35K a year without a B.A. or B.S. in something. Master's degrees are now basically required for anything mid-to-high profile.

Now, looking at the educational benefits, college teachers you a new way of thinking. It shows how one can approach a problem, learn about it, and solve it. Any major, in any department, will allow the student to see a problem differently than before (some more than others). To say that "forced" schooling is a problem, well sir, I think you need to re-align your ducks just a little.

Here's something that I learned in college - education leads to Economic Development. The more years spent in schools, the higher the income of the nation. On a micro scale, the more years in school that a person spends, the more their income and the greater the success in said person having smart, kids who have good futures of their own. Education is the building-block of success for the person throughout life and the nation throughout time.
__________________
"I've made only one mistake in my life. But I made it over and over and over. That was saying 'yes' when I meant 'no'. Forgive me."
TM875 is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 10:30 AM   #3 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Janey's Avatar
 
Location: Toronto
I have to echo what TM875 said. The recounting of the success of those drop outs serves to hightlight one basic fact. They are the exceptions that prove the rule. They are such high performers, that they were bound to succeed. indeed, they dropped out because they needed to follow their own path, regardless of what it was.

For each of their stories, there are hundreds of drop outs working for minimum wage and not even saving anything on a monthy basis, much less building equity. These success stories are like the NHL players, who make it, while the vast majority of players remain at the minor levels ( or baseball or basketball).

the important thing to keep in mind, is that global competition is leveling out the playing field in jobs too. if you want to maximize your opportunities, you need to extend your education to an appropriate level. that used to be high school, now in the information age, it is university. We may want to drop out along the way, because it is easy to give up. But if you have no other plan or option lined up, all you are doing is giving up.

There must be a plan that you are following, a reason for dropping out, otherwise why limit yourself?

Last edited by Janey; 05-30-2005 at 12:09 PM..
Janey is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 11:13 AM   #4 (permalink)
Getting it.
 
Charlatan's Avatar
 
Super Moderator
Location: Lion City
There's also a big difference from an entrepreneur and a career employee... one needs a degree to get through the door the other can open their own doors.
__________________
"My hands are on fire. Hands are on fire. Ain't got no more time for all you charlatans and liars."
- Old Man Luedecke
Charlatan is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 02:54 PM   #5 (permalink)
Insane
 
greeneyes's Avatar
 
Location: Charlotte, NC
I'm a college drop out as well and now I have an awesome job. I am a bank officer/loan officer for the third largest banks in the country. I have amazing opportunities for growth and development and plenty of upward mobility.

Does it work for everyone? No, you definitely need to have other compensating qualities to make up for the lack in education.
__________________
Put the blame on me
So you don't feel a thing

Go on and save yourself
Take it out on me
greeneyes is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 05:43 PM   #6 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Looking back, the majority of my college experience was a waste of time, and (more importantly?) money. If I knew back then what I knew now, I would have taken clarinet and conducting lessons, music theory/sightsinging, piano, and that's it.

I'm looking into getting a die casting job (which pays A LOT better than pushing carts at wal-mart), and experience isn't necessary. They train you on what you need to know, and BAM! $500 paid weekly.

Switzerland has the highest per-capita incomes in the world, and most people there don't finish high school.
Quote:
Originally Posted by TM875
On the whole, though, college is a very, very good thing. Even ignoring the education/books side of it, college allows a giant new opportunity to network, learn new people skills, meet people who will be important in the future, and grow and develop as a person (and have a shitload of fun). It's irresponsible, and ridiculous, for any educated person to write that college is not needed.
Why can't those things be learned before people go to college?

Last edited by EULA; 05-30-2005 at 05:46 PM..
EULA is offline  
Old 05-30-2005, 07:31 PM   #7 (permalink)
Psycho
 
Location: Cow Country, CT
Education is one of those things you do... it betters you overall as a person and make you more well rounded... i can understand dropping out if you are hating it and cant pay for it. But at the same time if you arnt having trouble paying for it, or mom and dad are footing the bills or you just plan love learning... stick it out... college is great
__________________
No, they arnt breasts, they are personalities, because its ok to like a girl for her personalities.
the420star is offline  
Old 05-31-2005, 11:15 AM   #8 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Hektore's Avatar
 
Location: Greater Harrisburg Area
Four year universities don't teach you much that is practical anyway, as in what you actually will be doing in a job. It's one of those things I keep hearing about when people talk about how worthless the American education system is. I know our college has these pamplets all over the place talking about how your major doesn't really matter, that you can get jobs in entirely unrelated fields from your major as long as your grades are decent, just goes to prove the point I guess. Employers don't really care what you learned, just that you're willing to work and can think a little.
__________________
The advantage law is the best law in rugby, because it lets you ignore all the others for the good of the game.
Hektore is offline  
Old 05-31-2005, 02:17 PM   #9 (permalink)
Psycho
 
Location: North America
College is a business and they advertise to promote the business. You don't have to go to a 4 year college to learn the things a 4-year grad knows. Surprising they never advertised that or not. I'm a person that was convinced by the advertising that college was the most important thing for success but having attended and worked in a job that required the degree I've come up with a saying concerning college "Dumb people go to college and waste money, smart people know college is a waste of money and don't go" I know people will debate this but in my own experience people with degrees aren't much smarter than people without. Of course with all rules there are exceptions to the rule, doctors for example need to have a college degree because they need on the job training by people in the field and medical school offers that.

With all that said I wish I didn't waste money on college.
catback is offline  
Old 05-31-2005, 04:06 PM   #10 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
I spent 14 years in school from the end of high school to where I am now. Obviously not all of it pertains to my job directly. What much of it does is help me think and understand. I am a doctor, and I deal with a lot of different issues.

I have to deal with pain, and if I didn’t understand the various theories I would not be able to explain why something hurts. It wouldn’t affect my job directly, but it would affect how patients react to the pain I sometimes cause. I would also not understand the gate theory of pain, so when a patient asked what I thought about acupuncture I couldn’t give an honest answer.

I have to deal with personalities. I don’t need psychology to do my job, but its sure nice to have. When I’m dealing with problem personalities, or fearful ones, it helps. It also helps knowing child development so I can better relate to children at various ages.

I don’t need to know world history, it doesn’t help me in my job. Its awfully nice to know the mistakes of the past when heading to the ballot box.

I don’t need to know Geography either. I’ve lived in the same area my whole life after all. Sure I have patients from around the world but who cares right?

Really while I’m making a complex diagnosis about a chronic problem which has caused someone great suffering over a period of years, all I need to know is what affects my field directly? Knowing how to think and organize your thoughts isn’t important is it?

I find that while most of what I have learned over the years, and I have forgotten more than most people learn in a life time, does not play any direct part in my life, I wouldn’t give any of it up ever. In fact I am constantly trying to learn new things in no way related to my field to keep my mind active, and continue to broaden my education.

Its easy to say ‘I’ll learn on my own.’ but most people won’t. College forces you to learn things that might not interest you on the surface, and even if you never use it in your job, I wouldn’t call it a waste of time.

I’ve found that most people who don’t go to or finish college when they could have had they wanted do so because they are either too lazy or too impatient. Most high schools do not teach you how to think, or how to organize, or a broad range of subjects. College is the one spot that may open your eyes to different approaches, different disciplines which you never thought of before. If your only reason for an education is to make money, then I really feel sorry for you, there is a lot out there beyond your paycheck.

Not going to college for most people means less opportunity, less money, and less job security. Sure some make it, some do great, but why limit yourself?
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 05-31-2005, 04:45 PM   #11 (permalink)
All important elusive independent swing voter...
 
jorgelito's Avatar
 
Location: People's Republic of KKKalifornia
Wow, Ustwo, nice post, one of your most eloquent.

I agree, but it's even simpler: There's something for everyone and there's a lot more than "knowledge" to be gained at college. If you don't want to go, that's fine. But if you do go, you can get as much or as little as you want. If you don't get anything out of it, well, that's on you, and not anyone else's fault.

Personally, I don't see how one couldn't get anything out of it unless you didn;t go to class at all for four years, and never ever left your dorm/living place, never attended any activities etc, etc. That would be a waste. If you couldn't even get anything out of college, how do you get anything out of life?

Either way, to paraphrase the article: "different strokes for different folks...(you know the rest)"
jorgelito is offline  
Old 06-01-2005, 09:40 AM   #12 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Ustwo: Schooling forces you to learn. I think that hurts people more than it helps. After writing my research paper about Poulenc (that I had to do); I found out that the knowledge I got out of it had only kitch value: he had a silver spoon all of his life, he was bisexual, and member of "le six". I worked on that paper and its research for almost a week if you add up all the hours, and that is all I got from it. No thanks.

Schooling operates like this: we are going to pound this information into your head for three months, you will take the test, and two weeks later you will forget 95%. If you'd ask me, I would say that that system is inefficient, expensive, and insulting to students, because there is an underlying assumption that "...if the school didn't make you learn, you wouldn't, you ignorant, lazy fuck."

But you could take the unschooled approach of only studying what you are interested in at the time. Pick it up in a week and retain the majority of the information for most of your life. And oh, the fun you will have! True, you might not come across Geography until 5 years after you would have had you went to college, but I think the unschooled approached is the preferable one.

Even while I was in college, I read about different things I was interested in at the time outside the bounds of school and my major. Guess what? I learned and retained A LOT.

There is a kind of chicken and the egg component to learning attitudes in America. Yes, if your average American finishes high school and doesn't go to college, he will not do any signifcant learning throughout the rest outside of his everyday experiences.

Some would say that's just human nature, but I would disagree. What I think is happening is that after 12 years of compulsory schooling, most people are taught that reading, writing, and learning is a punishment. Many times this is made completely explicit, because writing a book report is a part of a punishment for getting in a fight, getting out of your seat, etc. Following the rules is probably more important than the curriculum.

While in school, there is a privation of experience of dealing with people of different ages, of exercising creativity ("Sorry, Jimmy, but it's time for math" etc), and of just being plain-old curious. Without school, we would have a more intelligent, creative populace that learns, because discovery without compulsion is joyous in itself. "I read a book about Fascist Germany last week, and it was fun!"

When I was in k-12, I maybe read 5 books on my own. That's it. And thinking back, it's no wonder I was such a bad writer; the only reading I did was the garbage that passes as school books. In my mind, reading is what you did at school. When I went to college, it was the same old crap, but one day, in some freak chance I went with a friend to Barnes and Noble, I picked up a copy of Rogue States and I read for two hours. I was completely taken aback. I like reading. Who fucking knew?

Schooling is designed around a completely flawed understanding of why people learn. John Locke invented tabula rossa, and because of that I doubt he had any contact with children in his lifetime, or he was just plain stupid. Learning isn't shoved into people's brains, it grows inside them out of conscious choice and interest. Even learning to read is easy, but enormous problems arise when you make children learn how to read, or they are desperate to learn how to read in order to escape the humiliation of illiteracy.

Some would say that a government/industrialist conspiracy to keep people stupid was responsible for the schooling system we inherited, but even if there wasn't a conspiracy, things are exactly as they would be if such a conspiracy existed.

I could say more, but I must stop.

Last edited by EULA; 06-01-2005 at 09:50 AM..
EULA is offline  
Old 06-01-2005, 01:13 PM   #13 (permalink)
All important elusive independent swing voter...
 
jorgelito's Avatar
 
Location: People's Republic of KKKalifornia
That's a good post EULA, you make a good argument for libertarianism. Which, oddly, I wouldn't really have known about if I wasn't in the American Political Philosophy class I'm in now. Ha, ha, that's sort of ironic?

I do see what you're saying. Funny how fun it is when you're reading what you want to and the time just flies, but if it's an assignment for school, then torture city! (generally speaking). I actually reading most things as I am rather laid back and easy going too.

So part of what you are saying is that maybe instead of compulsory education that's regimented and standardized, people should be free to "learn" what they want or whatever their parents want them to learn? I dunno, the current system isn't too terrible (for me that is).
jorgelito is offline  
Old 06-01-2005, 05:39 PM   #14 (permalink)
Heliotrope
 
cellophanedeity's Avatar
 
Location: A warm room
I'm in school because I really really want to be. If I had the choice, I'd never leave. University is the right place for me, but I wouldn't say that it is for everyone.

In an ideal situation, people would learn what they wanted to learn and we'd get by on that. Of course, that's not the case though.
cellophanedeity is offline  
Old 06-01-2005, 06:15 PM   #15 (permalink)
Junkie
 
filtherton's Avatar
 
Location: In the land of ice and snow.
I like school. I don't have the will power to learn that shit on my own. Even if i did, it is so much easier for me to learn from lecture than from a book. I also have the tendency to think i understand something when, in fact, i don't; it helps to have someone to set me on the right path.

Bill gates didn't go to college. So what? That doesn't mean college isn't worthwhile, it means bill gates didn't need it because bill gates is bill gates. I would bet money that if we were in some bizarro world where windows didn't take off, bill gates would have gone back to college.

Well said ustwo.
filtherton is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 08:47 AM   #16 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Quote:
Originally Posted by filtherton
I don't have the will power to learn that shit on my own.
Is it entirely possible that this is a self-fulfilling prophesy? The schools make you dislike learning, so that you will be dependent on them for the rest of your life in order to learn and look successful. You then say you can't, so you won't.

Last edited by EULA; 06-05-2005 at 08:56 AM..
EULA is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 10:36 AM   #17 (permalink)
Junkie
 
filtherton's Avatar
 
Location: In the land of ice and snow.
Quote:
Originally Posted by EULA
Is it entirely possible that this is a self-fulfilling prophesy? The schools make you dislike learning, so that you will be dependent on them for the rest of your life in order to learn and look successful. You then say you can't, so you won't.
I am not motivated enough to teach myself such things. Maybe i could motivate myself, but from my own personal experience i know that i learn better in a scholastic environment. The schools don't make me dislike learning, i love learning, and i try to do it on my own quite frequently. Unfortunately, i have tried and found it quite difficult to teach myself any number of things of the math and science persuasions. Such things are easy to misunderstand and because of this benefit from the presence of someone who is an expert on the subject. Also, as someone working towards a degree in engineering i doubt i could reasonably get access to the kind of equipment needed for my education on my own.

Last edited by filtherton; 06-05-2005 at 12:43 PM..
filtherton is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 11:42 AM   #18 (permalink)
I'm not a blonde! I'm knot! I'm knot! I'm knot!
 
raeanna74's Avatar
 
Location: Upper Michigan
I felt like the first two years of college were somewhat a waste of time. There were many classes that I already knew 90% of the information from my highschool's college prep classes. They only allowed you to test out of a miniscule portion of those basic courses. As for the more advanced courses. I have used MUCH of what I learned in those. Such as the classes 'Philosophy of Education', 'Educational Psychology', and 'Special Education'. These classes taught me a lot that I would not have learned in the field but gave me a background to lean on when I encountered difficulties while teaching. I agree some careers lend themselves to people who are more self taught and creative, while some are more structured. This article does not look at the more structured careers that require some extra education. I would NOT send my child to a self taught educator unless I could see that he/she had superior instint and experience. College is quite useless when it comes to the fast paced growth of computers and electronics. There are some basics about electricity that would benefit those in a technical field.

The biggest benefit of college is that it's obvious proof to employers that the applicant CAN finish a job. Someone who keeps going when the going gets tuff is what many employers look for. The fact that these other men did not finish college wasn't a matter of quitting when the going got tough but following their ambition and dreams.

Do what you have to in order to get where you need to be. Talk to others in the field you desire to work in and find out how they got there. Talk to employers that you interview with even when you get turned down and ASK them what they ARE looking for and how you can improve.

I wish the article hadn't just put down an education but extolled doing whatever is necessary (going to college or dropping out) to accomplish what you want and need to do.
__________________
"Always learn the rules so that you can break them properly." Dalai Lama
My Karma just ran over your Dogma.
raeanna74 is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 04:51 PM   #19 (permalink)
Very Insignificant Pawn
 
Location: Amsterdam, NL
quote

The secret of jazz The Apostle Paul wrote again and again that salvation isn't about following the rules. We aren't going to find secular salvation today through observing the rules of yesterday. Alas, they are mainly what colleges teach. The best clue to what path to follow is hidden in our jazz.

Apple Computer is jazz, McDonald's is jazz, DreamWorks is jazz, the Super Bowl is jazz, comic books are jazz, block parties are jazz, bass-fishing derbies are jazz, the Williams sisters are jazz, Tiger Woods is jazz.

Over in China, the revered Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the oldest continuous music school on the planet, can't even believe the principles of jazz are real! That with enough courage and trust in yourself, you can hear a piece of music once, and ring dazzling changes on it forever and ever.

They can't duplicate our jazz.

un quote

He is not showing jazz music the respect it deserves by saying this.

His whole essay could be reduced to one paragraph.

The people he sites had great talent and/or worked very very hard.
Many people have reached great hights through education too.

School is not the only way to learn. Big deal.
flat5 is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 07:07 PM   #20 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: K-W. Err... -dot.
I think the article was a very one-sided view.

University is needed. Not everyone is an Einstein, a Gates or a Disney. In fact, most of us are Smiths, Joneses, Singhs, Garcias and Zhangs. We are the statistical average. We don't have what it takes to make it to a 7+ figure income on our own, with or without college. As individuals, they did. They had the IQ, or the business savvy, or just the grit and determination to do what it took.

For the rest of us, be we lazy, slow, or uninspired, we have either college or burger-flipping.

College trains the people who teach your kids, the people who design your buildings and those who sell them. They teach the people that fill those big buildings in your city's downtown core. I'd rather be one of those people than the ones that fill the factories in your suburbs. So I go to university. I concede that I will never make seven digits in a year.

I do agree with Gatto that university can squash people with more ambition, and more creativity. University teaches one train of thought, and that train isn't at all revolutionary. School will not teach these people how to take what they already have and turn it into a legendary success. What they need are the lessons learned on one's own, through life.

I would even go so far as to say that many of the successes Gatto talked about had the tools to take what they saw in life around them, and turn it into applicable knowledge. I would also say that the rest of us don't, not to the same degree, and so we go to College to get the simplified version of life. Boiled down and easily digestable.

So what I'm trying to say is... University is an Arrowroot cookie. Either that, or I'm just very hungry.
__________________
Cellar Door.

Last edited by muttonglutton; 06-05-2005 at 07:10 PM..
muttonglutton is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 07:18 PM   #21 (permalink)
Fireball
 
Randerolf's Avatar
 
Location: ~
Quote:
"Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of the learners." -John Holt
As one with a love of knowledge, I find John Taylor Gatto's writings very interesting – as are his accusations facing government schools.

In the end, I find both sides to be very compelling. My educator friend would raise the point that liberal arts aspects of college offer new perspectives and questions to the student, which the person may have never had to encounter before – be it by laziness, environment, or some other factor.

Meanwhile, the words of EULA and others resonate in me as one who has always loved knowledge; there is nothing quite like leaving the library with an armful of books with the anticipation of learning something new and expanding my horizons. Some curse books and study, but I often find it enjoyable and necessary. I read Free to Choose by Milton Friedman of my own free will– however boring it may have been  - but I believed that it was important to have at glimpse of economics.

In the end, life is enriched by what you know about it. It may be a personality divide with artists, bohemians, entrepreneurs, and those who thrive on freedom and promethean action on one side; and those that need discipline, focus ( a clear path), and concrete results on the other.

(Sorry about trailing off, it’s a bit late )

Good posts everyone.
Randerolf is offline  
Old 06-05-2005, 09:43 PM   #22 (permalink)
unstuck in time
 
reiii's Avatar
 
Location: Nashville/D.C.
look at the top 25 forbes richest, the only thing that unites them is a lack of an elite ungraduate education (and more than Bill dropped out). That and they are all white men....

but anyway theres more proof that college isnt for everyone
__________________
"Jombe? The chocolate icing" -hedonism bot
reiii is offline  
Old 06-06-2005, 05:26 AM   #23 (permalink)
Crazy
 
I wonder if the overlap with dropouts and Forbes 25 richest may have more to do with a shared independent attitude and an entrepreneurial spirit which led them to get off their butts and act on their ideas rather than pursue the "safer" route of a degree.
I think its a bit of a leap of logic to suggest that dropping out would lead to success.
portereight is offline  
Old 06-06-2005, 08:17 AM   #24 (permalink)
Junkie
 
filtherton's Avatar
 
Location: In the land of ice and snow.
Look at the bottom 750,000 walmart employees, the only thing that unites them is a lack of an elite ungraduate education.
filtherton is offline  
Old 06-06-2005, 09:42 AM   #25 (permalink)
hoarding all the big girl panties since 2005
 
Sage's Avatar
 
Location: North side
Man, personally I think that if you're upset with your current college you need to go to a Liberal Arts school. The things I learned at UNCA that had nothing to do with my major were what I really considered learning. Yeah, I got my degree, but while doing so I sat in interesting classes and had involved discussions about issues that affect me outside of the realm of my major. That's something that is important to learn- how does one relate to the world as a whole? That's something you don't learn in high school, and probably not in trade school or a traditional four year college. I feel that higer education teaches people to be more eloquent, and to open up their minds to new ideas. The argument that "because all these people who are now rich dropped out of college means that no one should go to college" is such a big fallacy I can't believe anyone would think it was a good argument. Because B happens after A doesn't mean B happens BECAUSE of A. Perhaps all these entrepreneurs got the ideas for their buisnesses in college, and then decided that it was such a good idea they'd go off and do it instead of waiting around for a degree. The beautiful thing about college is that you can go back anytime you want- it's not like high school where the goverment says you have to go.
__________________
Sage knows our mythic history, King Arthur's and Sir Caradoc's
She answers hard acrostics, has a pretty taste for paradox
She quotes in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus
In conics she can floor peculiarities parabolous
-C'hi
Sage is offline  
Old 06-07-2005, 03:38 PM   #26 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Quote:
Originally Posted by filtherton
Look at the bottom 750,000 walmart employees, the only thing that unites them is a lack of an elite ungraduate education.
I doubt it. I think you'll find about 400,000 BAs.
Quote:
Originally Posted by Sage
The argument that "because all these people who are now rich dropped out of college means that no one should go to college" is such a big fallacy I can't believe anyone would think it was a good argument. Because B happens after A doesn't mean B happens BECAUSE of A.
I was not suggesting that. I was suggesting that not attending college isn't such a dire prospect.
EULA is offline  
Old 06-07-2005, 03:46 PM   #27 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Quote:
Originally Posted by muttonglutton
University is needed. Not everyone is an Einstein, a Gates or a Disney. In fact, most of us are Smiths, Joneses, Singhs, Garcias and Zhangs. We are the statistical average. We don't have what it takes to make it to a 7+ figure income on our own, with or without college. As individuals, they did. They had the IQ, or the business savvy, or just the grit and determination to do what it took.
I believe that genius is as common as dirt. The problem is that only about 10% of students can cultivate their genius inside a classroom. The bottom 90% will have to learn their place and stop whining.
EULA is offline  
Old 06-07-2005, 05:04 PM   #28 (permalink)
Junkie
 
filtherton's Avatar
 
Location: In the land of ice and snow.
Quote:
Originally Posted by EULA
I believe that genius is as common as dirt. The problem is that only about 10% of students can cultivate their genius inside a classroom. The bottom 90% will have to learn their place and stop whining.
Genius may be as common as dirt, but then again, so is stupidity, ignorance, and incompetence. I know a lot of geniuses who can't be bothered with anything other than alcoholism. I know a few seemingly thoughtful people who can't seem to learn in any environment, let alone a collegiate one.

College isn't for every one, often times college is a relatively reliable means to an end. Going to college doesn't necessarily have to crush creativity, it only forces one to jump through hoops. College is good hoop jumping practice, and i would argue that anyone who isn't willing to jump through hoops, isn't really that motivated to do whatever it is they want to do(unless one's sole motivation is to not jump through any hoops). You don't necessarily have to enjoy or agree with all the things you learn, but chances are such things are useful at the very least for perspective.

The lack of a college degree doesn't necessarily doom one to an unfulfilling existence, but it is a fact that having a bachelor's opens a great many doors. All the genius in the world doesn't amount to anything if one isn't in a position to utilize it. Some people are trailblazers. Most people are not.
filtherton is offline  
Old 06-12-2005, 09:55 AM   #29 (permalink)
Psycho
 
Location: North America
College is a corrupt business that takes advantage of a corrupt society. Rating how dumb or smart people are by their education history is wrong. I've seen idiots with degrees and geniouses without. Everything learned in college can be learned outside of college. I attended college and learned what they had to teach, unfortunately most of what they taught I learned prior to college from self-learning means. If you want to follow the corrupt ways and get a degree to better yourself financially (as if most ppl would do it for another reason) then by all means do, however do not make the assumption that you are better in any way shape or form to someone without a degree.

I will say it again, from college I've learned "Idiots go to college and waste money while smart people don't"

Not that no one should go but make your own decision, just remember if you go, for every thing you learn in college someone has learned it outside of college...is it worth the cost?
catback is offline  
Old 06-12-2005, 11:03 AM   #30 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by catback
College is a corrupt business that takes advantage of a corrupt society. Rating how dumb or smart people are by their education history is wrong. I've seen idiots with degrees and geniouses without. Everything learned in college can be learned outside of college. I attended college and learned what they had to teach, unfortunately most of what they taught I learned prior to college from self-learning means. If you want to follow the corrupt ways and get a degree to better yourself financially (as if most ppl would do it for another reason) then by all means do, however do not make the assumption that you are better in any way shape or form to someone without a degree.

I will say it again, from college I've learned "Idiots go to college and waste money while smart people don't"

Not that no one should go but make your own decision, just remember if you go, for every thing you learn in college someone has learned it outside of college...is it worth the cost?
Yea you know its all bullshit man, its corrupt and horrible I mean I'm sure I could have done DNA homolog research like on my own! All I needed was my own lab, a couple hundred thousand dollars of equipment, and about 10 years worth of self teaching. There was no benefit of having experts in the field all together in one place, and I'm sure had I just been self studying I would have come across the concept of differential brain growth, cDNA, polymerize chain reaction DNA replication, not to mention all the biochemistry used to isolate the selected strands!

Man I wasted all that time and money on a corrupt institution!

I guess I'm just an idiot, after all only idiots go to college.

/end sarcasm for the sarcasm detection impaired

The funny thing about self study, is that if it weren't for the Universities, most of the self study materials wouldn't even exist. So while for some people college is obviously a waste of time, for many it is indispensable. I would also argue for a VAST majority of those for whom college is a waste of time, it was a waste of time because they didn't take advantage of the resources, not because college itself was wasting their time.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 06-12-2005, 11:45 AM   #31 (permalink)
Junkie
 
filtherton's Avatar
 
Location: In the land of ice and snow.
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ustwo
The funny thing about self study, is that if it weren't for the Universities, most of the self study materials wouldn't even exist. So while for some people college is obviously a waste of time, for many it is indispensable. I would also argue for a VAST majority of those for whom college is a waste of time, it was a waste of time because they didn't take advantage of the resources, not because college itself was wasting their time.
I find that when we aren't talking politics i often agree with ustwo. What's up with that?
filtherton is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 11:22 AM   #32 (permalink)
hoarding all the big girl panties since 2005
 
Sage's Avatar
 
Location: North side
Personally I think people who bitch about college being a waste of their time shouldn't be there in the first place. College is school, and if you don't like school, you're not going to like college. Besides, it's not like anyone is holding a gun to your head and saying "you HAVE to go to college for four years." It's just a matter of what you want to do. If you want to be a jewelry maker, you can go to college, be self-taught, or apprentence. If you want to be a doctor, you can't exactally learn everything you need to know without going to college. If you have a really great idea, and know how to make it and how to market it, there's no reason to wait until you get out of college to do it- aka Bill Gates. College is always there if your great idea doesn't work out.

and as for Bill Gates not going back to college- if YOU had that much money, would you spend it on sitting in a classroom all day??
__________________
Sage knows our mythic history, King Arthur's and Sir Caradoc's
She answers hard acrostics, has a pretty taste for paradox
She quotes in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus
In conics she can floor peculiarities parabolous
-C'hi
Sage is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 03:30 PM   #33 (permalink)
Psycho
 
keyshawn's Avatar
 
From a high school graduate, who will attend a liberal arts college this fall

Why ? Because, I'll admit it - I don't know what I want to do with my life yet, although I love learning. I'm choosing to pay big bucks to take classes to find out what I would like to do and UsTwo stated, there's quite a bit of professions which you cannot enter to unless you have a college degree.
I'm not paying just for the education, but for the networking connections, social interaction, the work ethic and discipline it will impose upon me. Could I learn this other ways ? Maybe, but I'm thinking college will be good for me. If not, then leaving is a possibility.

And yes, for a brief time during my senior year, I considered not going to college and moving to Europe for a year; or going to college there. But, I humbly concede, that I nor most 18 year olds aren't ready [emotionally nor financially] to accomplish such a task. [ < or maybe we're just told that we aren't, and the teens actually listen]

One idea that the author states in the article, which I do agree with, is that you can succeed without college. That idea is constantly knocked down in society, but it's true.

One thing I wonder is this: A college graduate can go to an interview with a diploma and say "I'm knowledgable and the employer would probably agree. However, the guy w/o the diploma would say - I did this, or started this business, or would have to present some sort of emperical evidence that he is worthy of a job. If you disagree with me on this last point, check out the number of jobs which do require college degrees; unfortunately, many do; as well as require on the job experience as well.
All of the people in the Grotto's argument were self-made: they started their own business and/or were able to attain wealth through the performance arts.

catcha back on the flipside,
keyshawn
__________________
currently reading:

currently playing :
keyshawn is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 07:14 PM   #34 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
ustwo: do you need an undergraduate degree to get into medical school?

source

Apple chief to grads: Glad I dropped out
Jobs tells Stanford graduates that his move forced him to be innovative
The Associated Press
Updated: 9:41 a.m. ET June 13, 2005

PALO ALTO, Calif. - Apple Computer Inc.'s CEO Steve Jobs told Stanford University graduates Sunday that dropping out of college was one of the best decisions he ever made because it forced him to be innovative — even when it came to finding enough money for dinner.

In an unusually candid commencement speech, Jobs also told the almost 5,000 graduates that his bout with a rare form of pancreatic cancer reemphasized the need to live each day to the fullest. "Your time is limited so don't let it be wasted living someone else's life," Jobs said to a packed stadium of graduates, alumni and family.

Jobs, wearing sandals and jeans under his robe, was treated like a rock star by the students, in large part due to the surge in popularity of Apple's iPod digital music player. A group of students wore iPod mini costumes over their robes and several students shouted, "Steve, hire me!"

Jobs, 50, said he attended Reed College in Portland, Ore., but dropped out after only eight months because it was too expensive for his working-class family. He said his real education started when he "dropped in" on whatever classes interested him — including calligraphy.

Jobs said he lived off 5-cent soda recycling deposits and free food offered by Hare Krishnas while taking classes.

He told the graduates that few friends could see the value of learning calligraphy at the time but that painstaking attention to detail — including mastering different "fonts" — was what set Macintosh apart from its competitors. "If I had never dropped out I might never have dropped in on that calligraphy," Jobs said.

Jobs also recounted founding Apple in his parent's basement and his tough times after being forced out of the company he founded when he was only 30. "I was a very public failure and I even thought about running away from the valley," Jobs said.

Instead, he founded Pixar Studios, which has released enormously popular films such as "Finding Nemo" and "Monsters, Inc." "It was awful tasting medicine but I guess the patient needed it," Jobs said.

When he was diagnosed with cancer, Jobs said his doctor told him he only had three- to-six months to live. He later found out he had a rare, treatable form of the disease — but he still learned a tough lesson. "Remembering you are going to die is the best way to avoid the fear that you have something to lose," he said.

Before the ceremony, a plane rented by the Computer TakeBack Campaign, an environmental group, flew over the stadium with a banner that read: "Steve, don't be a mini player — recycle all e-waste." The group is prodding Apple to improve its efforts to recycle obsolete electronics.
Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
EULA is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 07:22 PM   #35 (permalink)
hoarding all the big girl panties since 2005
 
Sage's Avatar
 
Location: North side
Wait wait wait... am I the only person who noticed that the reason Steve Jobs said he dropped out of college was because it was too expensive? So.... he had a reason for dropping out OTHER than "college sucks, I can learn this $hit elsewhere"?

And yeah, you have to have an undergrad degree to get into med school EULA. As far as I know from all my friends who are going to med school.
__________________
Sage knows our mythic history, King Arthur's and Sir Caradoc's
She answers hard acrostics, has a pretty taste for paradox
She quotes in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus
In conics she can floor peculiarities parabolous
-C'hi
Sage is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 07:56 PM   #36 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Quote:

Jobs, 50, said he attended Reed College in Portland, Ore., but dropped out after only eight months because it was too expensive for his working-class family. He said his real education started when he "dropped in" on whatever classes interested him — including calligraphy.
Interesting, he dropped out, but still attended classes, so I guess college was not a waste, just paying for it

And ya you need a undergrad degree. There maybe some accelerated programs out there where you only need an associates degree and you get your undergrad degree while in school but those are few and far between.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 06-13-2005, 10:05 PM   #37 (permalink)
Banned
 
Zeraph's Avatar
 
Location: The Cosmos
First, as for the on going argument, I agree with Ustwo. However, I can see it from EULA's perspective somewhat as well. As others have said, the first two years of college (at least at a uni) are way over priced, but there is a simple solution, go to your local community college to get an associates, then transfer to a uni. When you get your diploma its no different than if you went there all 4 years. CCs are way way cheaper and smaller class sizes for the exact same education (excepting maybe yale or something, I dunno).

They really do seem to rip you off though, my college's tuition just went up 10%.

While a good prof is worth the money, most often you get crappy ones that just read PPs off of the outline from the book.

So I can see it from both sides, up until your third year of college--and even then sometimes beyond when you get a bad prof--you wonder why you even bother going to class and I suppose it could "stifle" creativity.

I could say more, but most of it has already been covered.
Zeraph is offline  
Old 06-15-2005, 12:49 PM   #38 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ustwo
Interesting, he dropped out, but still attended classes, so I guess college was not a waste, just paying for it
The paying for the program was a waste. He only attended/paid for classes he was interested in, doing what a lot of homeschoolers do now.
EULA is offline  
Old 06-16-2005, 11:00 AM   #39 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by EULA
The paying for the program was a waste. He only attended/paid for classes he was interested in, doing what a lot of homeschoolers do now.
Because of athletics my sister is being homeschooled, but is constantly tested with some online school set up.

Others in her sport are being 'homeschooled' as well and are so patheticly far behind their age group its criminal. Dumb as a box of rocks as they say. Learning on your own doing what you are interested in is NOT for everyone.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 06-17-2005, 03:06 PM   #40 (permalink)
Crazy
 
Location: Bowling Green, KY
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ustwo
Others in her sport are being 'homeschooled' as well and are so patheticly far behind their age group its criminal. Dumb as a box of rocks as they say. Learning on your own doing what you are interested in is NOT for everyone.
Do they enjoy what they're focusing their life on? That's what's important. An education isn't going to guarantee a box of brains or a wage-free working life. Whatever deficiencies they lack and want to amend, they will.

What's this whole "behind" business anyhow? Norming is unnatural and creates value judgements that lead to elitist snobbery. And from what I've read, most homeschoolers are behind their schooled counterparts in elmentary school, in league in junior high, and ahead in high school.

Patience, young grasshopper.

Last edited by EULA; 06-17-2005 at 03:14 PM..
EULA is offline  
 

Tags
drop


Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On



All times are GMT -8. The time now is 10:02 AM.

Tilted Forum Project

Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7
Copyright ©2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
Search Engine Optimization by vBSEO 3.6.0 PL2
© 2002-2012 Tilted Forum Project

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360