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This can be explained by a couple of things.
1) An instrumental artifact: The instrument used to observe a phenomena actually alters or even gives a false positive result.
2) Constructivism: Constructivism is the epistemological belief that knowledge (whether all or to a specific field) is based upon something other than the reality of the situation. A common variety is social constructivism, where concepts like good and evil are fabricated not by the individual but imprinted by society. In this case, we only say the heart rate is elevated because we have certain concepts of what "normal" is.
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