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There are only three general factors that enable one gun to fire the same ammo faster and farther.
1. Rifling. The projectile travels through the barrel and meets spiral grooves designed to impart a longitudinal spin around the axis of travel. This makes the projectile spin like a perfectly thrown football "spiral". Although rifling improves accuracy, the frictional losses actually reduce the total energy of the projectile.
2. Efficiency. The energy of the expanding gasses must be translated into kinetic energy. The better designed weapon will do a better job by transferring the energy of the explosion into energy of the projectile while reducing escaping gasses.
3. Other frictional losses. While all this is going on, the projectile is moving down a barrel. Minimizing barrel/projectile contact will reduce friction, either through a shorter barrel or by shielding the projectile with a thin wall of escaping gas, but at a loss of momentum or accuracy.
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