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The problem with seeing into space during the day is that the tiny amounts of light coming in from the stars are greatly overwhelmed by the amount of sunlight being reflected by the atmosphere. Sometimes you can see the moon during the day because there's still enough light intensity there to be noticed. On the other hand, there's lots of light reflected off the earth into space, so although a spaceship would get the blue scattering, that would be overwhelmed by light reflected directly from the ground.
In other words, the atmosphere is not blocking light, it is reflecting it.
The blue sky is really thick, so although the air in front of you is technically reflecting a small amount of blue light at you, most of that light is coming from the miles of air beyond the air that's really close to you.
I don't know about clouds and specifically why they would be white if the ocean is blue.
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