I agree with RB that a major part of it was lack of knowledge. The foresight/hindsight divide makes it easier to pose the question but prior to Hiroshima we really didn't know the full extent of what would happen and wanted to see.
It's easy to look back now at the devastation and ask "Why?", but without clear knowledge of it before hand it was a lot harder to answer the question "Why not?". We were already firebombing cities around the globe and jumped the collateral damage hurdle, this was just another piece of that puzzle. The only difference was the degree of effectiveness - which wasn't known. Without that knowledge there isn't reason they aught to have refrained from that particular weapon and not the others.
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The advantage law is the best law in rugby, because it lets you ignore all the others for the good of the game.
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