Circular polarizers and Neutral Density gradient filters will be the most useful.
Modern digital cameras already have UV and IR filters in front of the sensor.
If you have a high value lens, you may actually be degrading image quality by using a protective filter that's cheap.
The B+W and Hoya HD filters are considered good.
Singh-Ray make some pro level filters but are pricey.
If you have an ultra-wide lens (focal length < 24mm) then you should be careful with filter thickness. They make specialty thin in filters to reduce possible vignetting (corner shadow) from the filter ring intruding into the field of view.
A polarizer with a wide angle will often make a portion of the sky darker.
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