Switch their positions, or try the new DIMM by itself. I can't speak to that board but some controllers detect timing based on one DIMM. If yours decided you had faster RAM then it could push the old, slow DIMM too quickly.
Check your BIOS timings with just the old DIMM and then with the new DIMM installed. If there's a difference with both installed then you may need to force it back to the slower rate manually.
Instead of booting and testing with your live system, try an alternate HD with a basic install. Any old thing you don't care about.
Best first attempt is with a
memtest cd/floppy. Make one before you tear down again and let it make sure things look okay before subjecting your jewels to what may be unstable underpinnings.