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Of course it goes right through you! that's what happens.
The body only retains what is required to maintain the concentration/dilution of the blood at a heathly level (about 300 mosmol). This is called homeostasis (same level).
If your blood is too concentrated water is retained by been reabsorbed in the kidneys (diuresis). Substances such as alcohol are diuretic and cause fluid loss beyond what the body really wanted, this is why you feel thirsty the morning after drinking.
If your blood is too dilute, as it becomes when you drink so much water, then it is excreted by the kidneys and removed as urine. The hormone that controls this system is call ADH, anti-diuretic hormone.
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