Simply put, gas is explosive and diesel is not.
Oddly enough, high quality gas, is rated on how unlikely it is to burn (er, explode)...
High quality diesel, on the other hand, is more likely to burn.
A gas engine wouldn't run on diesel unless there's enough gasoline to ignite the mixture...in which case, there'd be a lot of smoke, and would probably damage O2 sensors and maybe catalytic converters. If the mix was less than 15% diesel, I don't think it would cause any harm.
Gas in a diesel, probably would ignite, er explode. Probably do bad stuff...
And yes, modern diesel engines would have issues. The pumps and injectors are under as much as 65,000psi, even the diesel needs added lubricants to keep the parts functioning well.
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