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WHAT IS A CONFLICT?
WHAT IS TERRORISM?
1. Violence or threat of violence by an individual or group as a political strategy
1. Individual level
2. State level
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION (SEE PART ONE)
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS (WARS)
1. Wars in ancient times
2. World War I
3. World War II
4. Korea
5. Vietnam
6. India and Pakistan
7. Israel and Arabs
8. Persian Gulf
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
1. Somalia
2. Rwanda
3. Algeria
4. Sri Lanka
5. India
6. Pakistan
7. Bosnia
8. Ireland
9. ???????
WHY CONFLICTS?
1. Political Reasons
1. Political Differences
1. Party Dictatorship
2. Army Government
3. Monarchy
2. Diffusion of Power
3. Grass-Roots level movements
4. Weakening of Nation State
2. Religious Reasons
1. Christians vs. Jews
2. Christians vs. Christians
3. Muslims vs. Jews
4. Muslims vs. Christians
5. Muslims vs. Hindus
6. Muslims vs. Muslims
3. Economic Reasons
1. Economic Inequality
2. Over emphasis on economic achievements
3. Socio-cultural reasons
1. Race
2. Social class
3. Language
4. Population growth
BENEFICIARIES OF WARS (EXAMPLES FROM THE U.S.)
1. The defense industry
2. Organized labor
3. States and communities
4. Academic Communities
5. Active military personnel and veterans
SOCIO-ECONOMIC COST
1. Economic cost
1. Iran-Iraq war (1980-88): 416 billion dollars compared to total earnings of 364 billion dollars
2. Persian Gulf War (1990-91): 676 billion dollars
3. Nicaragua: 2.5 billion dollars
4. South Africa : 17-30 billion dollars
2. Social Cost
1. Human Losses
2. Material Losses
3. Loss of civil rights
4. Loss of mutual trust
5. Dehumanization
"All the enemies of Europe, Asia and Africa combined, with all the treasures of the earth (our own excepted) in their military chest; with a buonaparte for a commander, could not by force, take a drink from the Ohio or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a thousand years. And at what point then us the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher." Abraham Lincoln: January 27, 1838
HISTORY
* 1945: U.S. Explodes its first nuclear bomb in New Mexico and drops Atom Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
* 1949: The Soviet Union explodes its first nuclear bomb
* 1952: Britain joins the nuclear club
* 1957: U.S. Conducts its first underground nuclear test in Nevada
* 1960: France becomes a nuclear power
* 1964: China becomes a nuclear power
* 1966: Two U.S. planes carrying nuclear weapons collide in Spain
* 1996: U.N. Approves CTBT
* 1998: India explodes 5 nuclear devices
* 1998: Pakistan explodes six nuclear devices
* Israel has 100 nuclear bombs but has never tested them
* Iran, Iraq, Libya, and North Korea are suspected to have nuclear weapons
HOW MANY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
RUSSIA 13-20,000
U.S.A 15,000
FRANCE 482
CHINA 434
U.K. 100
INDIA 60
PAKISTAN 15-25
SOME FACTS ABOUT U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
* Cost of Manhattan Project $20,000,000,000
* Total nuclear weapons built 70,000
* Number of dismantled pits in Texas 9,204
* States with largest number of nuclear weapons: New Mexico, Georgia, Washington, Nevada, and North Dakota
* Total area occupied by U.S. nuclear weapons bases and facilities 15, 357 square miles
* Nuclear bombs lost in accidents and never recovered: 11
REFERENCES:
*
www.news.bbc.co.uk
*
www.envirolink.org
*
www.brook.edu
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