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highthief · 05-21-2005, 02:26 AM

Just a quick review of some studies. Or are they all wrong?

MILK PRODUCTS & CALCIUM ...FOR MORE THAN BUILDING STRONG BONES Everyone knows we need milk products to build strong, healthy bones. But did you know that milk products also play an important role in other areas of health? In fact, research indicates that calcium, especially when it's from milk products, plays a key role in preventing many chronic diseases.

Disease Research shows...
Heart Disease and Stroke Calcium from milk products and heart-healthy bacteria in yoghurt may play a role in reducing blood cholesterol. Preliminary research also suggests that certain types of fat found in milk help reduce the risk of heart disease.
High Blood Pressure Calcium, especially from milk products, has been shown to control blood pressure. A normal blood pressure is good for overall heart health.
Colon Cancer Calcium and vitamin D can play an important role in reducing the risk for colon cancer. Fermented milk products such as yoghurt and buttermilk provide added protection from colon cancer. Preliminary research also shows different milk fats as good when it comes to reducing the risk of this type of cancer.
Dental Health Milk products, especially firm cheeses such as Cheddar, Swiss, Mozzarella, Edam, Monterey Jack and Brie help prevent cavities. Enjoying a fruit and cheese platter after a meal is a good thing.
PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) Preliminary research indicates that calcium may reduce symptoms such as bloating, fatigue, irritability, abdominal cramps and back pain.

CALCIUM AND CHRONIC DISEASE

Emerging research is expanding calcium's role beyond bone health. Calcium is now being hailed as a key player in preventing chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension and colon cancer.

Following are highlights of calcium's growing importance in preventing chronic disease.

HEART DISEASE
Researchers have proposed the existence of a "milk factor" that seems to have a cholesterol-lowering effect (1,2).

Several studies have indicated that the "milk factor" might be calcium (3,4,5).

Some studies have suggested that regular consumption of milk, particularly fat free milk, may lower blood cholesterol levels, especially in people who have hyperlipidemia (high blood cholesterol) (6,7).

Analysis of the Iowa Women's Health Study, observing more than 34,000 women, revealed that a relatively high calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk for heart disease mortality (8).

The researchers suggest that calcium may contribute to reducing cholesterol levels because calcium binds to bile acids in the gut, thus increasing their excretion, and decreasing their re-absorption into the bloodstream. Since cholesterol is a precursor to make bile acids, the body withdraws cholesterol from the blood. This in turn may reduce blood cholesterol levels (6,7,8).

Studies have also demonstarted that consumption of fermented milk products, such as yoghurt made with the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, can actually help to reduce blood cholesterol levels (9). One theory that has been proposed is that some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus change the structure of bile acids, thus increasing their excretion (10).

Although not all studies indicate a cholesterol-lowering effect, intake of milk products has not been shown to increase blood lipid levels (3,11,12,13).
HYPERTENSION
There is evidence to suggest that calcium intake reduces the risk of hypertension. Controlling blood pressure reduces the risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

Moreover, the data also reveals that there is more consistency in the results of the studies that used dietary calcium as compared to those studies that used non-dietary sources of calcium (14).

The impact of calcium on blood pressure appears to be the greatest in people who consume low levels of dietary calcium (14).

In addition, the renowned DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) study demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure in individuals who consumed low-fat dairy products (2.7 servings per day on average), in addition to fruits and vegetables (15).
STROKE
The Honolulu Heart Program (a 22 year follow up of 3,150 men that was initiated in 1965) demonstrated an association between milk consumption and reduced risk for stroke (16).

The study showed that calcium from dairy sources, but not from non-dairy sources, was related to reduced risk for stroke (16).

A similar finding was revealed in the 1980-1994 Nurses' Health Study involving more than 85,000 women (17).

One explanation is that calcium may have a hypotensive effect, and may also contribute to reduced platelet aggregation (17).
COLON CANCER
Clinical trials in humans generally support a protective effect of calcium against colon cancer. It appears that vitamin D also plays a crucial role in conjunction with calcium in reducing the risk of colon cancer (18,19,20,21,22,23,24)

One proposed mechanism is that calcium increases the pH level in the colon, thus making it less acidic and less irritating to the colonic cells. In addition, calcium also binds to bile acids, rendering them harmless (23,24,25,26,27,28,29).
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
PMS is an umbrella term to describe a set of mood, cognitive and physical symptoms that occur before the onset of menstruation.

As many as 80 per cent of women experience PMS (30).

There is some evidence suggesting that increasing dietary calcium and vitamin D may reduce PMS symptoms, such as bloating, fatigue, cramps, irritability, abdominal pain and back pain (31,32,33,34).

A few studies have even shown that PMS may be a marker for low calcium status (35,36).

Women with PMS have significantly lower vertebral bone mass (36).
References
Rossouw JE, Burger E-M, van der Vyver P, Ferreira JJ (1982) The effect of skim milk, yogurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 34:351-56.

Buonopane GJ, Kilara A, Smith JS, McCarthy RD (1992) Effect of skim milk supplementation on blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and triglycerides in a free-living human population. J Am Coll Nutr 11(1):56-67.

Karanja N, Morris CD, Rufolo P, Snyder G, Illingworth DR, McCarron DA (1994) Impact of increasing calcium in the diet on nutrient consumption, plasma lipids and lipoproteins in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 59:900-07.

Denke MA, Fox M, Schulte MC (1993) Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr 123:1047-53.

Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, Macres M, Keane WF (1992) Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 152:2441-44.

Denke MA, Fox M, Schulte MC (1993) Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr 123:1047-53.

Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, Macres M, Keane WF (1992) Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 152:2441-44.

Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y, Meyer KA, Sellers TA, Folsom AR (1999) Relation of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Food Intake to Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 149(2):151-161.

Anderson JW, Gilliland SE (1999) Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing lactobacillus acidophilus l1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr 18(1):43-50.

St. Onge M-P, Farnworth ER, Jones PJH (2000) Consumption of fermented and nonfermented dairy products effects on cholesterol concentrations and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 71:674-681.

Steinmetz KA, Childs MT, Stimson C, Kushi LH, McGovern PG, Potter JD, Yamanaka WK (1994) Effect of consumption of whole milk and skim milk on blood lipid profiles in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 59:612-18.

Rossouw JE, Burger E-M, van der Vyver P, Ferreira JJ (1982) The effect of skim milk, yogurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 34:351-56.

Thompson LU, Jenkins DJA, Amer MAV, Reichert R, Jenkins A, Kamulsky J (1982) The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 36:1106-11.

McCarron DA, Reusser ME (1999) Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate. J Am Coll Nutr 18(5):398S-405S.

Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja NA (1997) clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. NEJM, 336(16):1117-1124.

Abbott RD, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Sharp DS, Burchfiel CM, Yano K (1996) Effect of dietary calcium and milk consumption on risk of thromboembolic stroke in older middle-aged men. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke, 27:813-818.

Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rexrode K, Hennekens CH, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC (1999) Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke, 30:1772-1779.

Newmark HL, Lipkin M (1992) Calcium, vitamin D, and colon cancer. Cancer Res 52(suppl):2067-70.

Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Kelloff G (Eds) (1991) Calcium, Vitamin D, and Prevention of Colon Cancer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Barsoum GH, Hendrickse C, Winslet MC, Youngs D, Donovan IA, Neoptolemos JPKeighley MRB (1992) Reduction of mucousal crypt cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomatous polyps by dietary calcium supplementation. Br J Surg 79:581-83.

Wargovich MJ, Isbell G, Shabot M, Winn R, Lanza F, Hochman L, Larson E, Lynch P, Roubein L, Levin B (1992) Calcium supplementation decreases rectal epithelial proliferation in subjects with sporadic adenoma. Gastroenterology 103:92-97.

Bostick RM, Fosdick L, Wood JR, Grambsch P, Grandits GA, Lillemoe TJ, Louis TA, Potter JD (1995) Calcium and colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in sporadic adema patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1307-15.

Govers MJAP, Tremont DSML, Lapre JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, Van der Meer R (1996) Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and this inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in man. Cancer Res 56:3270-75.

Holt PR (1999) Dairy foods and prevention of colon cancer: human studies. J Am Coll Nutr 18(5):379S-391S.

Holt PR, Atillasoy EO, Gilman J, Guss J, Moss SF, Newmark H, Fan K, Yang K, Lipkin M (1998) Modulation of abnormal colonic epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation by low-fat dairy foods. JAMA 280:1074-79.

Van der Meer R, Lapre JA, Govers MJAP, Kleibeuker JH (1997) Mechanisms of the intestinal effects of dietary fats and milk products on colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 114:75-83.

Lupton JR (1997) Dairy products and colon cancer: mechanisms of the protective effect. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1065-66.

Glinghammar B, Venturi M, Rowland IR, Rafter JJ (1997) Shift from a dairy product-rich to a dairy-product-free diet: influence on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fecal water - potential risk factors for colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1277-82.

Lipkin M, Reddy B, Newmark H, Lamprecht SA (1999) Dietary factors in human colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Nutr 19:545-586.

ACOG (1995) Premenstrual syndrome (committee opinion). Int J Gynaecol Obstet 50:80-84.

Thys-Jacobs S, Ceccarelli A, Bierman A, Weisman H, Cohen MA, Alvir J (1989) Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized cross-over trial. J Gen Intern Med 4:183-89.

Thys-Jacobs S, Starkey P, Bernstein D, Tian J and the Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. (1998) Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 179:444-52.

Bendich A (2000) The potential for dietary supplements to reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 19(1):3-12.

Thys-Jacobs S (2000) Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2):220-27.

Lee SJ, Kanis JA (1994) An association between osteoporosis and premenstrual and postmenopausal symptoms. Bone Mineral 24:127-134.

Thys-Jacobs S, Silverton M, Alvir J, Paddison PL, Rico M, Goldsmith SJ (1995) Reduced bone mass in women with premenstrual syndrome. J Women's Health 4:161-168.

05-21-2005, 02:26 AM	#54 (permalink)
highthief Junkie Location: Ontario, Canada	Just a quick review of some studies. Or are they all wrong? MILK PRODUCTS & CALCIUM ...FOR MORE THAN BUILDING STRONG BONES Everyone knows we need milk products to build strong, healthy bones. But did you know that milk products also play an important role in other areas of health? In fact, research indicates that calcium, especially when it's from milk products, plays a key role in preventing many chronic diseases. Disease Research shows... Heart Disease and Stroke Calcium from milk products and heart-healthy bacteria in yoghurt may play a role in reducing blood cholesterol. Preliminary research also suggests that certain types of fat found in milk help reduce the risk of heart disease. High Blood Pressure Calcium, especially from milk products, has been shown to control blood pressure. A normal blood pressure is good for overall heart health. Colon Cancer Calcium and vitamin D can play an important role in reducing the risk for colon cancer. Fermented milk products such as yoghurt and buttermilk provide added protection from colon cancer. Preliminary research also shows different milk fats as good when it comes to reducing the risk of this type of cancer. Dental Health Milk products, especially firm cheeses such as Cheddar, Swiss, Mozzarella, Edam, Monterey Jack and Brie help prevent cavities. Enjoying a fruit and cheese platter after a meal is a good thing. PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) Preliminary research indicates that calcium may reduce symptoms such as bloating, fatigue, irritability, abdominal cramps and back pain. CALCIUM AND CHRONIC DISEASE Emerging research is expanding calcium's role beyond bone health. Calcium is now being hailed as a key player in preventing chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension and colon cancer. Following are highlights of calcium's growing importance in preventing chronic disease. HEART DISEASE Researchers have proposed the existence of a "milk factor" that seems to have a cholesterol-lowering effect (1,2). Several studies have indicated that the "milk factor" might be calcium (3,4,5). Some studies have suggested that regular consumption of milk, particularly fat free milk, may lower blood cholesterol levels, especially in people who have hyperlipidemia (high blood cholesterol) (6,7). Analysis of the Iowa Women's Health Study, observing more than 34,000 women, revealed that a relatively high calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk for heart disease mortality (8). The researchers suggest that calcium may contribute to reducing cholesterol levels because calcium binds to bile acids in the gut, thus increasing their excretion, and decreasing their re-absorption into the bloodstream. Since cholesterol is a precursor to make bile acids, the body withdraws cholesterol from the blood. This in turn may reduce blood cholesterol levels (6,7,8). Studies have also demonstarted that consumption of fermented milk products, such as yoghurt made with the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, can actually help to reduce blood cholesterol levels (9). One theory that has been proposed is that some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus change the structure of bile acids, thus increasing their excretion (10). Although not all studies indicate a cholesterol-lowering effect, intake of milk products has not been shown to increase blood lipid levels (3,11,12,13). HYPERTENSION There is evidence to suggest that calcium intake reduces the risk of hypertension. Controlling blood pressure reduces the risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the data also reveals that there is more consistency in the results of the studies that used dietary calcium as compared to those studies that used non-dietary sources of calcium (14). The impact of calcium on blood pressure appears to be the greatest in people who consume low levels of dietary calcium (14). In addition, the renowned DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) study demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure in individuals who consumed low-fat dairy products (2.7 servings per day on average), in addition to fruits and vegetables (15). STROKE The Honolulu Heart Program (a 22 year follow up of 3,150 men that was initiated in 1965) demonstrated an association between milk consumption and reduced risk for stroke (16). The study showed that calcium from dairy sources, but not from non-dairy sources, was related to reduced risk for stroke (16). A similar finding was revealed in the 1980-1994 Nurses' Health Study involving more than 85,000 women (17). One explanation is that calcium may have a hypotensive effect, and may also contribute to reduced platelet aggregation (17). COLON CANCER Clinical trials in humans generally support a protective effect of calcium against colon cancer. It appears that vitamin D also plays a crucial role in conjunction with calcium in reducing the risk of colon cancer (18,19,20,21,22,23,24) One proposed mechanism is that calcium increases the pH level in the colon, thus making it less acidic and less irritating to the colonic cells. In addition, calcium also binds to bile acids, rendering them harmless (23,24,25,26,27,28,29). PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) PMS is an umbrella term to describe a set of mood, cognitive and physical symptoms that occur before the onset of menstruation. As many as 80 per cent of women experience PMS (30). There is some evidence suggesting that increasing dietary calcium and vitamin D may reduce PMS symptoms, such as bloating, fatigue, cramps, irritability, abdominal pain and back pain (31,32,33,34). A few studies have even shown that PMS may be a marker for low calcium status (35,36). Women with PMS have significantly lower vertebral bone mass (36). References Rossouw JE, Burger E-M, van der Vyver P, Ferreira JJ (1982) The effect of skim milk, yogurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 34:351-56. Buonopane GJ, Kilara A, Smith JS, McCarthy RD (1992) Effect of skim milk supplementation on blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and triglycerides in a free-living human population. J Am Coll Nutr 11(1):56-67. Karanja N, Morris CD, Rufolo P, Snyder G, Illingworth DR, McCarron DA (1994) Impact of increasing calcium in the diet on nutrient consumption, plasma lipids and lipoproteins in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 59:900-07. Denke MA, Fox M, Schulte MC (1993) Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr 123:1047-53. Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, Macres M, Keane WF (1992) Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 152:2441-44. Denke MA, Fox M, Schulte MC (1993) Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr 123:1047-53. Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, Macres M, Keane WF (1992) Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 152:2441-44. Bostick RM, Kushi LH, Wu Y, Meyer KA, Sellers TA, Folsom AR (1999) Relation of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Food Intake to Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 149(2):151-161. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE (1999) Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing lactobacillus acidophilus l1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr 18(1):43-50. St. Onge M-P, Farnworth ER, Jones PJH (2000) Consumption of fermented and nonfermented dairy products effects on cholesterol concentrations and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 71:674-681. Steinmetz KA, Childs MT, Stimson C, Kushi LH, McGovern PG, Potter JD, Yamanaka WK (1994) Effect of consumption of whole milk and skim milk on blood lipid profiles in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 59:612-18. Rossouw JE, Burger E-M, van der Vyver P, Ferreira JJ (1982) The effect of skim milk, yogurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 34:351-56. Thompson LU, Jenkins DJA, Amer MAV, Reichert R, Jenkins A, Kamulsky J (1982) The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 36:1106-11. McCarron DA, Reusser ME (1999) Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate. J Am Coll Nutr 18(5):398S-405S. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja NA (1997) clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. NEJM, 336(16):1117-1124. Abbott RD, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Sharp DS, Burchfiel CM, Yano K (1996) Effect of dietary calcium and milk consumption on risk of thromboembolic stroke in older middle-aged men. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke, 27:813-818. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rexrode K, Hennekens CH, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC (1999) Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke, 30:1772-1779. Newmark HL, Lipkin M (1992) Calcium, vitamin D, and colon cancer. Cancer Res 52(suppl):2067-70. Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Kelloff G (Eds) (1991) Calcium, Vitamin D, and Prevention of Colon Cancer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Barsoum GH, Hendrickse C, Winslet MC, Youngs D, Donovan IA, Neoptolemos JPKeighley MRB (1992) Reduction of mucousal crypt cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomatous polyps by dietary calcium supplementation. Br J Surg 79:581-83. Wargovich MJ, Isbell G, Shabot M, Winn R, Lanza F, Hochman L, Larson E, Lynch P, Roubein L, Levin B (1992) Calcium supplementation decreases rectal epithelial proliferation in subjects with sporadic adenoma. Gastroenterology 103:92-97. Bostick RM, Fosdick L, Wood JR, Grambsch P, Grandits GA, Lillemoe TJ, Louis TA, Potter JD (1995) Calcium and colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in sporadic adema patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1307-15. Govers MJAP, Tremont DSML, Lapre JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, Van der Meer R (1996) Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and this inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in man. Cancer Res 56:3270-75. Holt PR (1999) Dairy foods and prevention of colon cancer: human studies. J Am Coll Nutr 18(5):379S-391S. Holt PR, Atillasoy EO, Gilman J, Guss J, Moss SF, Newmark H, Fan K, Yang K, Lipkin M (1998) Modulation of abnormal colonic epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation by low-fat dairy foods. JAMA 280:1074-79. Van der Meer R, Lapre JA, Govers MJAP, Kleibeuker JH (1997) Mechanisms of the intestinal effects of dietary fats and milk products on colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 114:75-83. Lupton JR (1997) Dairy products and colon cancer: mechanisms of the protective effect. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1065-66. Glinghammar B, Venturi M, Rowland IR, Rafter JJ (1997) Shift from a dairy product-rich to a dairy-product-free diet: influence on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fecal water - potential risk factors for colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1277-82. Lipkin M, Reddy B, Newmark H, Lamprecht SA (1999) Dietary factors in human colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Nutr 19:545-586. ACOG (1995) Premenstrual syndrome (committee opinion). Int J Gynaecol Obstet 50:80-84. Thys-Jacobs S, Ceccarelli A, Bierman A, Weisman H, Cohen MA, Alvir J (1989) Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized cross-over trial. J Gen Intern Med 4:183-89. Thys-Jacobs S, Starkey P, Bernstein D, Tian J and the Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. (1998) Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 179:444-52. Bendich A (2000) The potential for dietary supplements to reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 19(1):3-12. Thys-Jacobs S (2000) Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium. J Am Coll Nutr 19(2):220-27. Lee SJ, Kanis JA (1994) An association between osteoporosis and premenstrual and postmenopausal symptoms. Bone Mineral 24:127-134. Thys-Jacobs S, Silverton M, Alvir J, Paddison PL, Rico M, Goldsmith SJ (1995) Reduced bone mass in women with premenstrual syndrome. J Women's Health 4:161-168. __________________ Si vis pacem parabellum.