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Colors are concepts much like emotions in that everyone experiences them, but we can't "prove" they are perceived in the same manner. However, we can assume that people do experience them the same based on their reactions to the stimlus (emotions or colors). Consider this, there is a significant portion of color blind individuals out there. Of those that are color blind there are multiple types but those with achromacy see the world in various shades of gray. While they do not see color they are able to perfectly differentiate colors from other colors. Since they would always learn that a certain shade of gray is red and another shade is green then how could we possibly detect this form of color blindness.
Physiologically we can detect that cones in these people eyes are not functioning and there are cases where later in life peoples cones stopped working so they lost the ability to see colors. Since we can detect the operation of rods and cones in peoples eyes and know what I normal functioning eye works like then we can tell that the input on each individual is the same. Furthermore, some colors have had a special meaning placed on them because of unique features which lends credit to the universalization of color view point. White is chosen because of its brightness as a flag for surrender because its easier to see from distances. Hunter orange is a shade of orange that does not appear in nature so is used in hunting so people will not be shot and b/c the hue is very noticable. While people could still associate these colors with their meaning because they would be unique to them while they looked different, they must at least be very similar because brightness, hue, saturation, contrast, etc have specific values in specific colors. The colors others would have to see instead of the ones I see would need similar characteristics otherwise the meaning behind them would not be universally appropriate and someone would have stated by now that it didnt work for them.
Finally, because the eye identifies color through a mixture of red, green, and blue it and we can scientifically note that peoples cones react in the same way to each color then we at least know that the data is being accumulated in the same manner. While perception is a completely individual experience we can see that we can identify the lack of color even though we can't see through the persons eyes, that if we did see different colors then it the differences we saw would have to be HIGHLY similar which narrows down the possibility alot, and because we can see that peoples sense gathering organs operate in the same way it is only about perception. At this point I think it is more logical to assume that the normal perception of color is universal among human and other animals with rgb eyesight. I mean, if people only took for fact exactly what they could 100% prove through experience then our current knowledge of the universe would be miniscule compared to what is it today. I guess, what I'm saying is that it can't be proved per se that I see the same colors as you, but it is the logical conclusion and if reject that sort of logical assumption then the logical end to that is rejection of universal concepts of god, emotion, and most modern science.
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"The courts that first rode the warhorse of virtual representation into battle on the res judicata front invested their steed with near-magical properties." ~27 F.3d 751
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