Black and white at a switch doesn't necessarily mean hot and neutral present-it sometimes means hot only, as it is a switch leg from the device (fan or light).
That's what this sounds like, as your vacuum was acting like a switch and closing the circuit for the fan.
If there are no neutrals present in the box, you're stuck unless you can fish in a new branch feeder.
Some customers wonder why I won't quote a "simple job" over the phone. This is one of the many reasons.
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There ain't nothin' more powerful than the odor of mendacity -Big Daddy
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