Out on my farm, we have 3 semi-feral cats, 3 mainly domesticated ones that stay around the barn, and a large dog- along with 30 horses. We've never seen a dead gopher above ground, or any of the holes we plugged after putting the grain down been dug up from above or underneath, unless we plugged it wrong.
We had to eliminate a LARGE colony of gophers from our paddocks, simply because it was putting the horses at risk with the holes all over. We tried a number of options earlier, including drowning (does not work, when the tunnels rise underground again they create quite large air pockets), trapping (couldn't get enough to make much of a dent in the population), and shooting was not an option in our area, it's simply illegal. Electricity will not do much unless it's high enough voltage to electrocute, which'll cost a lot.
propane is an interesting option though, I don't think it would be very humane however. The best solution that we found was the poisoned bait. It was quick, effective (wiped out the whole population over 26 acres in two years) and it was safe.
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"Asking a bomb squad if an old bomb is still "real" is not the best thing to do if you want to save it." - denim
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