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People say that philosophy never progresses, but thanks to the Logical Positivists, we know that to be false. Logical Positivism is one of the few philosophical schools that has been thoroughly refuted. So at least there's something we now know to be false...
As far as 'revolutionary' thinkers go, Kuhn comes to mind as a possible example. Certainly Rawls deserves to be mentioned, since he took a nearly dead field of philosophy (political science) and brought it thoroughly back to life. As far as thinkers who have a view on just about anything, well, a view worth reading on just about anything, nothing comes to mind. Since Hegel (or maybe Marx), philosophy really hasn't been about building a system, but Badiou and Heidegger seem closer to this than most others.
And not to be snobbish or anything, but I wouldn't never consider any of the figures you mention, filtherton, to be philosophers.
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"Die Deutschen meinen, daß die Kraft sich in Härte und Grausamkeit offenbaren müsse, sie unterwerfen sich dann gerne und mit Bewunderung:[...]. Daß es Kraft giebt in der Milde und Stille, das glauben sie nicht leicht."
"The Germans believe that power must reveal itself in hardness and cruelty and then submit themselves gladly and with admiration[...]. They do not believe readily that there is power in meekness and calm."
-- Friedrich Nietzsche
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