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If we're just talking about latter 20th century philosophers, here's a few to consider (and i should mention, i'm no philosophy major, so i'm sure others can point you in better directions):
Karl popper: had some interesting insights as to the nature of the scientific process and the important avenues of philosophical exploration (focusing on finding and figuring out profound problems rather than on word meanings)
Bertrand Russell: determined that it's possible to find a contradiction in any logical system, and therefore there is no such thing as 'perfect' mathematics.
martin buber: kind of on the pop-psychology side. like hegel, he's kind of hard to read, but he focuses on the nature of relationships and was quite influential.
jean-paul sartre: existentialism. 'nuff said.
john rawls: political philosopher who emphasized that the purpose of law should be viewed in terms of social justice.
also check out everything going on in artificial intelligence/cognitive psychology/philosophy of mind. there's a bunch of people there (turing, minsky, etc)
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