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Let's see here.
Alasdair MacIntyre: "After Virtue" is his best known work, though I've heard good things about "Three Rival Version of Moral Inquiry".
Charles Taylor (though he's recently deceased): His main work is "Sources of the Self"
Richard Rorty (I don't think too highly of him, but alot of others do)
"Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature" is his best known work, but it might be better to start with "Contingency, Irony, Solidarity", since "Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature" assumes some knowledge of the contemporary state of epistemology.
Derrida (yes, he's still alive): "Of Grammatology" is his best known work. "Differance" and "The Ends of Man" are important essays. It's helpful when reading Derrida to have a good grasp of Heidegger first.
Alain Badiou: His major work, "Event and Being", is as far as I know not translated into English yet. Check out "Infinite Thought" and "Ethics". Again, it's helpful to know Heidegger, and also Levinas, to understand Badiou.
There are, of course, many others I could mention, but most of the others are of limited general interest. What tecoyah says is technically false; while most English speaking philosophers pay some attention to physics, very little of what they produce is actually "tied into physics". The books and authors I've listed here are some of what you'd actually study in a university philosophy program.
But many popular works which are philosophical are tied into physics. In this vein, I might recommend Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", which is the most important book on the philosophy of science in the last 40 years.
If you have more specific interests (ethics, say, or political philosophy), I'm happy to give more recommendations.
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"Die Deutschen meinen, daß die Kraft sich in Härte und Grausamkeit offenbaren müsse, sie unterwerfen sich dann gerne und mit Bewunderung:[...]. Daß es Kraft giebt in der Milde und Stille, das glauben sie nicht leicht."
"The Germans believe that power must reveal itself in hardness and cruelty and then submit themselves gladly and with admiration[...]. They do not believe readily that there is power in meekness and calm."
-- Friedrich Nietzsche
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