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-   -   If I say, "Nigger", And mean no offense, do I still offend (https://thetfp.com/tfp/tilted-politics/87320-if-i-say-nigger-mean-no-offense-do-i-still-offend.html)

Xell101 04-16-2005 01:21 AM

If I say, "Nigger", And mean no offense, do I still offend
 
I straight up don't get it. Why would you be offended by the mere presence of a word as opposed to it’s meaning, why intentionally not get past it’s presence onto what is being said? As previous standards degrade stuff like that is becoming the prevailing norm. As an example of why this bothers me so much, some politician in I believe Washington state caught some serious hell for using the word niggardly in regards to financial workings. Niggardly sounds similar to nigger, so people were offended enough to disregard it's meaning (petty in spending or giving). Zuh?

Nearest I've gotten is folks are referring to deeply rooted connotations and precedents instead of thinking, you said it, and geuss what... now this is happening. *shocked, appauled, and/or chagrined* I'm assuming that thinking so many people would be that simple is as stupid as I've reasoned them to be, so I'll toss it out to you folks as an opportunity to educate someone bent on understanding what it is you've got, becuase I am straight up confounded. Help me internet!

edit: Ill and wrapped in blanket, keyboard shifted in lap resulting in button mashing that submitted thread within near empty post and a title of, "If I say, 'Nigger"

Mod Note: This seems a valid debate....lets try to get over the preconceptions of this word....and focus on the context....we will monitor the results.

Strange Famous 04-16-2005 01:23 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Xell101
Accidentally hit enter. Damn it! FGixing post.

um... I dont get it?

John Henry 04-16-2005 01:48 AM

Use the Edit button

Edit-When I wrote this, the post was quite clearly being edited. I hope my advice came across as stupid rather than rude.

Xell101 04-16-2005 01:56 AM

Caffeine is setting in; I'm feeling marginally pumped. Ahhh, mental faculties are starting to return. Is there a way to fix the thread title?

tecoyah 04-16-2005 02:52 AM

revised...please continue

lukethebandgeek 04-16-2005 03:44 AM

I dunno, I just have the good sense not to use offensive words when someone who might get offended is present. You don't offend me, but you will offend other people.

It's funny, I know people who curse all the time, but still say "The N Word."

shakran 04-16-2005 04:10 AM

The word nigger means one thing and one thing only. It's a derogatory term used to refer to black people. It is perfectly understandable why you would offend someone by using it. (It is not perfectly understandable why some black people choose to refer to each other as "nigger.")

The word nigardly is not derogatory, doesn't refer to black people, and in fact doesn't refer to any specific race at all. Getting offended at its use is an indicator that the person getting offended is an idiot. It's rather like getting offended if I say the word "duck" because it rhymes with "fuck." Doesn't make sense.

tecoyah 04-16-2005 04:22 AM

niggard

n : a selfish person who is unwilling to give or spend [syn: skinflint, scrooge, churl]

nigger

n : (ethnic slur) offensive name for a Black person; "only a Black can call another Black a nigga" [syn: nigga, spade, coon, jigaboo, nigra]

A frame of reference for this discussion....lets keep it within these bounds....to keep the thread from going away

maleficent 04-16-2005 05:09 AM

In the early part of the 20th century the word Mick was a derogatory term for the Irish Immigrants who were first making their home in the US. In Ireland, the term Paddy was an extremely deragatory term used by the English for the Irish. Being of Irish descent I"m not sure I would choose to be offended by it, but I also didn't live in either time and I don't know what it would be like to have that term used in my direction.

Practically every ethnic group, even non ethnic group, has somesort of slur directed at them... Kikes, wops, fags, there are more... but at the risk of offending everyone on this board, I'll hush. The words themselves mean nothing. It's not the word that is offensive, it's how the word is used that is offensive.

I could tell a friend of mine that they are being a dumbass, and that would not be considered offensive, if I used the same word on a person I don't know, in a different situation, then well I might be asking to get my butt kicked.

No, using the word nigger, if you mean no offence, is not offensive, but you have to know your audience, and they have to know that you mean know offense.

StanT 04-16-2005 05:19 AM

It's just another word. Nigger for you, Polack for me.

My father is first generation Polish, my grandparents emigrated between World Wars. Nobody tells more Polack jokes than my grandfather and my dad. I never knew the term Polack was derogatory until high school. Words only have the impact that we give them, if you are looking to insult me, you'll have to do better than Polack.

That said, this is one of the few contexts where I would use the word.

radioguy 04-16-2005 05:22 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by maleficent
No, using the word nigger, if you mean no offence, is not offensive, but you have to know your audience, and they have to know that you mean know offense.

i think that is the main problem. people tend to jump on people if a derogatory word is used in public instead of trying to understand why that particular word was used. to me, it seems like everyone "looks" to be offended so that they may make a stand or possible "go off" on somebody. not everyone does this i know, but it is noticeable to myself.

i'm a white dude, there really isn't a word out there that could offend me. on the other hand, many people that are offended from certain words weren't even affected by the actual ocurence or formation of the word. by this i mean those that believe they should be repayed for slavery by the government. they weren't involved in slavery, but want to reap the benefits of an unfotunate event. there may be other examples of this, but i don't know of any.

i just think people are too touchy these days. everything seems to be offensive to someone.

samcol 04-16-2005 06:14 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by shakran
It is not perfectly understandable why some black people choose to refer to each other as "nigger."


This is what I find totally unacceptable. The same black people who call each other nigger are usually the first ones to get offeneded if a white person calls them nigger.

So yes, if you say nigger and mean no offense you still offend, but if you're black somehow it's ok.

maleficent 04-16-2005 06:24 AM

It's the same with any ethnic slur, if both people are of the same ethnicity, and one uses the word directed at another, they both share the same shared cultural experience, so it's really not negative.

Strange Famous 04-16-2005 06:46 AM

it is offensive because the majority of black people find it offensive when it is used by a white person... a white person cannot use the word claiming they dont mean offence, because they have the knowledge that it causes offense.

Seanland 04-16-2005 06:52 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by samcol
This is what I find totally unacceptable. The same black people who call each other nigger are usually the first ones to get offeneded if a white person calls them nigger.

So yes, if you say nigger and mean no offense you still offend, but if you're black somehow it's ok.

I think thats too general of a statement, I almost certain some black people would be offended being called a nigger, no matter what who called them it. I believe its just that person specific thoughts on the matter. For Myself, I don't care is someone comes and tries to insult me by using racial slurs. Really, to me your skin is just a feature of a person, and does not depict who they are

ubertuber 04-16-2005 07:34 AM

Do my actions have consequences if I don't intend them?

Yes.

If someone is offended, then you were offensive. That doesn't mean that your freedom to offend should be abridged, but this is the way the world works.

Put another way, if you unintentionally run over my foot with your car, it's still gonna hurt.

shakran 04-16-2005 07:56 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by maleficent
It's the same with any ethnic slur, if both people are of the same ethnicity, and one uses the word directed at another, they both share the same shared cultural experience, so it's really not negative.

Sorry, I'm not buying it. If it's offensive, it's offensive. If someone tells me "don't say nigger" and then turns and calls his friend a nigger, it's hypocracy. Plain and simple.

It's no different than me going to a catholic church and telling the priest to fuck off. It's an offensive thing to say to a catholic priest, even if the person saying it is catholic.

theusername 04-16-2005 08:00 AM

If it hurts someone to use a word or say something I'll respect their wishes. I don't say the word. I do believe words and symbols have negative connotations that come along with them. Same with the whole the swastika is just a pattern argument. It stands for something. The word itself stands for a period of time when a lot of people believewd in white superiority and that blacks were a lesser being. it is condescending. Words do hurt and there's no reason to use one's that do.

Lebell 04-16-2005 08:03 AM

I see several issues here.

First is the very real harm meant by those who used the term "nigger" in the past. IMO, it cannot be ignored nor should it. This word has never been used for a good thing.

Second is the almost surreal use it enjoys today among black youth. I suppose it is supposed to be a friendly put down but if they use it, then they need to expect that other people will start to want to use it.

Third is the irrational sensitivity to words that even remotely sound like it, the word "niggard" being the best example. This is ignorance, plain and simple. For some, to whom the difference has been pointed out, it is either a) willful ignorance,r b) racial baiting or c) an example of victimhood in which the hearer decides they are a victim regardless of the fact.

I firmly attribute the last phenomenon to the left who insist on perpetrating minority "victimhood" status with what I call the "you deserve" attitude. You "deserve" good grades, regardless of what you've learned. You "deserve" a job here regardless of your legal immigration status. You "deserve" admission to that school regardless of others being more qualified, etc.

Slavakion 04-16-2005 08:43 AM

I think the main problem with acceptance of this word is that it's probably the most offensive word in the English language right now. I am not a person who is offended by language, you can hurl swears around me all day and I won't bat an eye. But if you said "nigger", I'd pay attention right away. There's no real precedent for it being anything other than a racial slur (except among black youth), so that's how it's interpreted.

In contrast, "faggot" is widely used as a catch-all insult by kids today, even before they know that it refers to sexuality and what being gay means. If you consider its origin, "faggot" is a terrible thing to call a gay person, but it's not really as offensive as I assume it used to be.

EDIT: "Every word is a prejudice." -- Friedrich Nietzsche.

roachboy 04-16-2005 08:52 AM

i imagine that it must be frustrating for folk who see the world through the fiction of the Heroic Individual to run up against social limitations, even at the level of word usage.

it must be frustrating for those who view the world through the lens of the Heroic Individual to find situations where the focus of the Individual Will changes nothing about a social situation, even at the level of word usage.

frustrating because the framework within which the construct of the Heroic or Rugged Individual operates cannot account for social questions except to see in the distortions of what they have to understand as normative--the world as an abstract field across which the unlimited extension of will can be played out. american conservatives have regressed behind john stuart mill--they have not even caught up with liberal philosophy of the 1860s.

one way of thinking about this problem for the Heroic Individual might be that the Heroic Individual is itself incoherent, conceptually, analytically and politically.

so the question that began the thread is really why cant a white person use whatever words he or she wants in whatever situation he or she wants because what is important is the absolute extension of unconditioned will. the entire position is simply crazy.

another element that surfaces in reading through the thread so far is the matter of projection:

for example, lebell talks about "victimization" as a trope of "the left" even as conservatives make use of the same trope all the time.
the difference between the story of victimization on the right and other versions of it is that for the right it operates as reinforcement of a project of aimed at total political domination, a narrowing of the ideological situation to one within which questions of social inequity will be addressed by ignoring them--the right uses its claims to victimization as a device to argue for a narrowing of the purivew of the state, for example, and by doing that also argues for the elimination of mechanisms that previously had functioned to redirect resources toward those excluded from the benefits of capitalism.
and why should the right worry about structural inequality, about the barbaric effects of capitalism as a system, left to itself? they also decided that the effects of capitalism can be "understood" by blaming those most heavily effected by it....

so here: the fact of the matter is that the history of particular words is sedimeneted around them, and you can't just wish it away. obviously the problem is history and its persistence.

Manx 04-16-2005 09:58 AM

This entire discussion is precisely one of semantics.

There is an historical value to the word nigger that requires consideration. But in the same sense, I may personally have had a history of negative connotations of any word - maybe frisbee - which results in my extreme discomfort when the word is used in any fashion. Does the use of the word frisbee around me then become a faux pas on the part of the person using it? Assuredly, their intent is harmless as the social history of the word is harmless. Now, social history would also define my displeasure at the word frisbee to be absurd. If someone who had no clue that I hated that word were to be informed, they would consider it some form of crazy. Would that give them license to continue using it in front of me, as they clearly do not intend to be insulting? Would my further discussion of the word help me overcome the negative connotations I apply to it? It is nothing but a word - it is the issues I attribute to it which hold the negativity.

At present, I would say the the word nigger is currently only usable in the context of the discussion of the word. The more the word is discussed, the better chance that the negative issues attributed to it will be more accurately framed.

Nigger is not the problem. Race relations is the problem.

Willravel 04-16-2005 10:07 AM

I don't care, but I still don't say it. While I don't understand why people are offended to their core by this word (there really is no reason to be that offended at ANY word), I do recognise that it has such an effect. I don't want to offend people, so I simply avoid it.

I suppose that is it possible that this is a case of perspective. As someone whiter than the sun, I have no way of knowing what it is like to be african-american/black american.

Xell101 04-16-2005 10:30 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Strange Famous
it is offensive because the majority of black people find it offensive when it is used by a white person... a white person cannot use the word claiming they dont mean offence, because they have the knowledge that it causes offense.

Even if it directly pertains to a legitimate discussion I am not able to make refence without prancing around it like I was in sensitivity training. Meaning is irrelevant, they are offended becuase they arbitrarily decided to be. In respite of proper logic they can get away with making it taboo and chastising all who fail to stick to that. They arbitrarily decided it is instrinsically racist even when conspicuously out of racial context, and we nodded our heads and went along. They are offended by nothing but what they put into the word, they are being offended by connotations and assumed values in respite of the fact such assumptions are inappropriate, it legitimizes an unthinking, engrained reaction that hidners communication, that one must go out of ones way to develop or foster the development of, it's god damn stupid. It's a veritable pavlovian response. What gets me the most is that it's unthinking, and we're ceding and catering to em'. They simply need bellow their lamentations, induced by imaginary plights, and we'll accomodate their special needs. The local school system has become nothing more than a bastion of liability and lawsuit that folds to every huffin' puffin' jackass to come their way, their ability to operate has suffered greatly for this.

Quote:

Originally Posted by Roachboy
said some stuff...

The question that began the thread isn't why can't I say what I want, it's why the hell do they disregard what I say and get offended by something I'm not even communicating.

Bob: Why are they fighting?
Tim: He called the other one a nigger.
Bob: I am deeply offended!

...is on level with...

Todd: Let's drive to the store.
Jeffers: I hate wheels! I am offended by your car?
Todd: Why do you hate wheels?
Jeffers: They're just so god damn round!

I can see the thought processes behind a lot of it, I'm fundamentally on a different page and view the one they're on as being unsustainable and needless hindering to their own efforts, all as a result of not moving the hell on. If you move on, it will then exist in history, and history only affects you as much as you will have it, and rampant racism is there, why not let a relics of those go where ti should?

edit for articulartion: I think that one of the best ways to prevent someone from moving on is to get them to fixated. We're facilitating their fixation, as are they. This is my prime source of confusion and why it rubs me the wrong way, we're facilitating this and bending over backwards to accomodate it. It seems counterintuitive and conspicuously unwholesome, as well as counter productive towards ends that are supposed to justify such means.

Willravel 04-16-2005 10:45 AM

Xell, there really is rarely a reason to be offended by anything. Offence is irrational by nature. Just because the offence is irrational, does not make it any less of an offence.

Xell101 04-16-2005 11:09 AM

It's less of a specific greivance and more of an item which illustrates a general principal. This is representative of the failings of society to let folk know that sometimes you need to shut up and deal with it. What all my problems with this derive from is that they're making it others peoples business and forcing them to adapt, they've made it other people's business when the problem lies within themselves, or there are already ways for them to deal with these things established.

guthmund 04-16-2005 12:52 PM

Shouldn't the intent also factor in?

I mean, in and of itself, any "slur" is just a word. Doesn't the intent of the speaker define whether the word is seen as a racial slur or not?

maximusveritas 04-16-2005 01:56 PM

I don't understand what the point of this thread is.
The case cited in the original post was a simple misunderstanding about what was said and the aide was later brought back with all forgiven.
So what are we talking about? You're going to have to give a better example. I can think of no real-life example of when a non-African American needs to say the "N word" to an African American. It's a non-issue.

alansmithee 04-16-2005 02:15 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Xell101
I straight up don't get it. Why would you be offended by the mere presence of a word as opposed to it’s meaning, why intentionally not get past it’s presence onto what is being said? As previous standards degrade stuff like that is becoming the prevailing norm. As an example of why this bothers me so much, some politician in I believe Washington state caught some serious hell for using the word niggardly in regards to financial workings. Niggardly sounds similar to nigger, so people were offended enough to disregard it's meaning (petty in spending or giving). Zuh?

Nearest I've gotten is folks are referring to deeply rooted connotations and precedents instead of thinking, you said it, and geuss what... now this is happening. *shocked, appauled, and/or chagrined* I'm assuming that thinking so many people would be that simple is as stupid as I've reasoned them to be, so I'll toss it out to you folks as an opportunity to educate someone bent on understanding what it is you've got, becuase I am straight up confounded. Help me internet!

edit: Ill and wrapped in blanket, keyboard shifted in lap resulting in button mashing that submitted thread within near empty post and a title of, "If I say, 'Nigger"

Mod Note: This seems a valid debate....lets try to get over the preconceptions of this word....and focus on the context....we will monitor the results.

The word itself when used by a non-black person is inherently offensive. You can't mean no offense, the word itself used by non-black people is offensive. If I hit you in the face with a lead pipe but I mean no offense, are you still offended? It's the same thing, only on a psychological level when a non-black person uses the term.

And black people rarely call each other "nigger", theres a slight difference between that and "nigga". The reason this started was primarily in reaction to white's derrogatorily calling blacks that term, they attempted to mitigate some of the damage of the term and in essence make it there own.

And as for other racial terms being similar, there's a big difference in degree. The same things are not implied between calling someone a "nigger" and a "polack", especially in America. Nigger doesn't even imply humanity, it implys that someone is an animal, or property.

And, what would someone find to be a non-offensive use of the word nigger? I personally can't think of any. It really has nothing to due with the terem niggard, IIRC the words have totally different origins.

Lebell 04-16-2005 02:20 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by roachboy
...snip...

I assume your "heroic individual" (a la Daniel Boone?) is related to the worship of the mythos of "the founding fathers", but regardless, I have no idea where this enters into the conversation.

Likewise, you go into a discussion which distills down to that old horse, "da man/system has got me down".

In any event, I do not buy into your assumption that capitalism or conservatism is the problem. Nor do I buy into the corollary that they are the answer. The answer to this question and the larger question of empowerment of ALL people lies in the middle, not the extremes.

To the right are the pure capitalists that would abolish every social program and who would leave many without a safety net of unemployment, medical insurance and retirement. To the left are those leftists/communists that would enslave the business owner to the worker and ultimately, the worker to the state, all for their own good (see my sig).

And in that same light, the far left use minorities as their tool, promising to free them from "the man" and essentially playing them for chumps while using their votes to get to power.

No, I will always prefer a system where the individual can rise on their own initative and not be reliant on handouts from the state. If this is the "heroic individual" that you scorn, then I will proudly identify myself as such.

Gilda 04-16-2005 02:26 PM

"Nigger" is offensive slang for a black person. There are other words that are not offensive that can be used in it's place, ie black or African. I would never use it outside of discussion of the word itself regardless of whether there were any black people around.

It's commonplace for members of a certain group to use epithets within their group in a playful manner, but for outsiders to do the same is considered offensive. Black boys calling each other "Nigga" isn't offensive, while it would be for any other group. I don't understand it either, but then again, I'm not black, so I have no frame of reference.

flstf 04-17-2005 06:35 AM

I imagine the word "niggardly" will soon be unacceptable to use because of it's sound alike quality. If enough people are offended when it is used it makes no difference if the meaning of the word has nothing to do with racism. After what happened in the David Howard incident I don't think many polititians will use the word again to describe a miserly condition. Newpapers will avoid using the word as well.

I know that language is always evolving but it is sad that in this case evolution should be caused by ignorance and people's over sensitivity to anything that sounds remotely racist.

meembo 04-17-2005 07:39 AM

At the beginning of the thread, xell asks "Why would you be offended by the mere presence of a word as opposed to it’s meaning...?" As I interpret that, it assumes that there can be a disconnect between such a singular word and it's meaning, and I don't believe that's possible for anyone who communicates with words. I assume the word nigger has a definite meaning for any conscious adult who speaks English.

The word is one of those rarified words that is all about power. As with some other words (such as fuck, etc.), it has an undeniable historical offensive meaning, and it retains its vulgarity clearly today. It ought to be on a list like George Carlin's "7 words you can't say on television" (is it?). I think that language naturally has an order to it, and we psychologically reserve a few words (such as nigger, fuck, etc.) to have a persistent punch that will always be recognized as powerful, offensive, edgy, etc. (Lenny Bruce used this idea over and over perfectly in his comedy, teasing knee-jerk reactions to language until he got arrested.) Most of the time, we experience these words socially and at a distance, and we can keep our reactions and emotions about the words we hear in check and in personal perspective.

At the same time, there is no denying that people deliberately use these words at times to offend or intimidate or degrade people in an attempt to show power over them, and I think that a natural or common fear or mistrust of the worst of vulgarities (such as nigger) shouldn't be lost. Some people seem to suggest that we ought to "get past the presence" of the word and "not take offense" to the words. Why would we want that? I know I don't. I want words to adequately express my thoughts and emotions, and I want a range of words to do that. By the same token, I have to allow the same breadth of words and meanings for other people to do the same, in the hope that I can, through language, begin to understand their point of view. Thus these words and the meanings behind them, ugly or not, have to exist and exercise their power. In the same breath, I have to say that at some point I expect to be offended, and to a certain degree I welcome that feeling. Speaking and hearing certain words in certain contexts provides for me a visceral feeling that some honest idea has been conveyed, even if I think it's ugly and it offends me. That conflict makes me think.

I teach my kids that the word nigger stands in for a meaning of hate. From what they have been taught so far, they broadly associate the word with slavery and the civil rights movement in the United States. Of course they hear the word at school and on the bus, etc., but now they can see the casual, even ridiculous meanings and usage of the word against the backdrop of what it means more seriously to others in history and in their community. I hope that they can distinguish context but still have a healthy respect for the (negative) power of the word.

FoolThemAll 04-17-2005 10:25 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Lebell
First is the very real harm meant by those who used the term "nigger" in the past. IMO, it cannot be ignored nor should it. This word has never been used for a good thing.

I disagree. The word has been used for a good thing. Namely, comedy. You know that scene in Scary Movie 2 (yeah, I know it wasn't a cinematic masterpiece) where the old white people are jovially singing Mystikal's "Shake It Fast", and that one guy in particular doesn't shy away from singing that part of the song with the n-word, all with a big goofy grin on his face? That was a good thing because it made me laugh. Meaning is use, and the use in this case was, if anything, a slam against rich old white people (haha they're so not cool).

Nevertheless, I don't use the word unless I do it in a context in which I'm sure it won't be misinterpreted. I'm even hesitant then.

raeanna74 04-17-2005 10:44 AM

If only as adults we could remember the childhood adage "I'm made out of rubber you're made out of glue, whatever you say to me, bounces off of me and sticks to you."

Personally I tend to avoid a lot of "offensive" words. I'm the peacemaker type of personality so will avoid the confrontation if I can.

On the other hand, I feel that if I become offended because of something someone said to me or about me my offence is a reaction. I dislike being reactionary because I'm giving the other person control over my emotions.

I'd like to think that I can avoid being offended most time. It's not that it doesn't happen. In most cases I feel like the resonsibility lies 60% with the offender and 60% with the offended. Unfortunately that only exists in an utopia. It's the goal that we should strive for.

As for Nigga - as was mentioned before, a lot of it has to do with the motives behind using the word. I had several black friends in college and on occaision I did call my girlfriend Nigger Girl. She KNEW my motives were without malice and so never took offense. A stranger on the street would not know my motives so it would be wiser for me to avoid the term in the general public. There are so many other words in the English language that I'm not loosing much of my vocabulary.

Seaver 04-17-2005 02:32 PM

Quote:

the difference between the story of victimization on the right and other versions of it is that for the right it operates as reinforcement of a project of aimed at total political domination, a narrowing of the ideological situation to one within which questions of social inequity will be addressed by ignoring them--the right uses its claims to victimization as a device to argue for a narrowing of the purivew of the state, for example, and by doing that also argues for the elimination of mechanisms that previously had functioned to redirect resources toward those excluded from the benefits of capitalism.
1) How are blacks "excluded from the benefits of capitalism? Yes, most are born into poverty, but man more whites are too. The best thing about capitalism is that if you have a new idea or are highly skilled you WILL advance.

2) Ok, so we cant fight racism by ignoring it. What you suggest is that to fight racism we forcibly take from others (depending on race) to give to others. This creates a feeling of, yes, victimization that saps much of the empathy others may feel for minorities, and gives racists a feeling of validity. Instead of pulling out the weed of racism you're planting the seeds of the future.

Tophat665 04-17-2005 04:04 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Manx
Nigger is not the problem. Race relations is the problem.

Hear hear!

My personal take on it is that dirty words are power words, and all anatomical, excretory, and theological have been de-tabooed through overuse (I just told my dog to "shut the fuck up"). So we're glomming onto the next word we can find. Nigger. OK. I'll avoid it. Not a word that I need to use, so why make a big deal of it.

Of course, if some idiot of a dusky hue cuts me off it traffic, I may make judicious use of it as a word of power, but I would do the same for any iethnicity, gender, religion, or political leaning visible at a distance.

Gilda 04-17-2005 04:29 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Tophat665

My personal take on it is that dirty words are power words, and all anatomical, excretory, and theological have been de-tabooed through overuse (I just told my dog to "shut the fuck up").

Perhaps in some contexts, but they're far from acceptable in most formalized social situations, and they're still considered rude by most people. Any student using one of those in my classroom is going to be in detention, and heaven help them if they use it directed at me. I'd be very surprised and likely to complain to the manager if a store clerk used that language with me, and if a parent does in a conference or on the phone, that conversation is over right then. We wouldn't use them if they didn't hold more power than other words; otherwise you'd likely have just told your dog to shut up (which, by the way, has become more offensive over recent years).

Quote:

Of course, if some idiot of a dusky hue cuts me off it traffic, I may make judicious use of it as a word of power, but I would do the same for any iethnicity, gender, religion, or political leaning visible at a distance.
So, it's ok to call a black person a nigger if he's done something to upset you? What is the distinction between that and the racist use? I'm not making an accusation, mind you, just asking for clarification.

Tophat665 04-17-2005 07:34 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Gilda
So, it's ok to call a black person a nigger if he's done something to upset you? What is the distinction between that and the racist use? I'm not making an accusation, mind you, just asking for clarification.

The distinction is this. Calling someone a motherfucker just doesn't cut it anymore. It's just not filthy enough. It's been bleached of its taint by repeated use. All that's left is racial and relgious epithets. Which I hand out impartially as appropriately inappropriate to those who boil my blood. Be the same thing as poking the evil eye at a fishwagon or howling, "Get back in your kitchen, dumb twat" at the professional woman who just cut me off because she was yakking on her cell phone. Powerful language hurts. If it doesn't, then it has no power.

moosenose 04-18-2005 03:16 PM

It depends on who says it. If a Republican says it, it's automatically offensive, even if it's the "niggardly" case. If a former Klan recruiter who has a (D) after his name says it, it's apparently OK.

shakran 04-18-2005 04:35 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by moosenose
It depends on who says it. If a Republican says it, it's automatically offensive, even if it's the "niggardly" case. If a former Klan recruiter who has a (D) after his name says it, it's apparently OK.


blatant flamebait, unworthy of a serious response.

moosenose 04-18-2005 05:13 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by shakran
blatant flamebait, unworthy of a serious response.

well, at least you're not denying that Byrd said what he said...

If a Republican had said what Byrd said verbatim, liberals would be screaming for his or her head...

tecoyah 04-18-2005 05:14 PM

Is there really the need to bring partisan Politics into this.....Really?

shakran 04-18-2005 06:20 PM

Why would I deny documented facts that were admitted to by Byrd himself. I will note, however, that he has since expressed deep regret over his remarks, and no longer feels that way, and on an NPR interview I heard several months ago, he made no bones about the fact that what he said and thought at that time was stupid.

Now that I've upheld your statement, how about you reexamining it, in the context of this thread, and admitting that perhaps you were just trying to start a war that didn't need to be started.

And for the record, I'm with Tecoyah on this one. Take note, since as y'all know I don't generally agree with his decisions in this forum. But he's right on the money here - this was not a liberal vs. conservative thread, and it was nothing short of petty trolling to bring that up.

alansmithee 04-18-2005 08:44 PM

I personally don't think that moosenose's comments were flamebait. The thread is somewhat about acceptable uses of the word nigger, and he was pointing out that is seems more accepted when someone with the (D) after their name says it, even when that person has a history of less than stellar race relations.

And as for imparting partisanship, that was done in this thread 2 days ago (4/16) , but seemingly because that person didn't show liberals/dems look in a bad light, nobody cared. If people are going to complain of partisanship in threads where it's not necessary, they should do it for both sides, not just when it's the other side.

moosenose 04-19-2005 04:00 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by shakran
And for the record, I'm with Tecoyah on this one. Take note, since as y'all know I don't generally agree with his decisions in this forum. But he's right on the money here - this was not a liberal vs. conservative thread, and it was nothing short of petty trolling to bring that up.

The entire purpose of this thread was to discuss whether the use of the "N word" was always offensive. I'm merely pointing out that there is a double standard. If the word or even a non-racist derivative of the word is used by somebody with a (R) after their name, they and every other (R) is automatically racist in the eyes of some. But if somebody with a (D) after their name uses it, despite their long-standing bigoted positions (for example, his denial that there are ANY homosexuals in West Virginia, and his position as a Klan recruiter), the (D)s will immediately jump to his defense, saying "oh, he's apologized, so it's OK". Either that, or they'll say "well, it was a long time ago, and he's changed", when I know that as recently as 2001 he used the "N-word" in an interview with a national news organization.

shakran 04-19-2005 04:41 AM

You're not getting this. Nigger is an unacceptable word when used by ANYONE. It doesn't matter what party they're from, what race they are, what gender they are, or how old they are. So acting like everyone thinks it's great when a democrat says it is flamebait.

Stick 04-19-2005 05:14 AM

A friend of mine - a native Australian (Aboriginal) - has been called 'The Coon' by our circle of friends for the past 26 years that I've known him. It's just his nickname amongst us and causes him no offence, but woe betide anyone outside the circle who dares to use it. That person would have to deal with us as well as the Coon - and he's a formidable opponent.
So, anyway, I wouldn't go around calling just anyone 'nigger' or 'coon', that would offend people for no reason at all, but it's okay in certain instances. (As already noted)

moosenose 04-19-2005 05:45 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by shakran
You're not getting this. Nigger is an unacceptable word when used by ANYONE. It doesn't matter what party they're from, what race they are, what gender they are, or how old they are. So acting like everyone thinks it's great when a democrat says it is flamebait.

Then why is Byrd still in office?

Glory's Sun 04-19-2005 06:14 AM

It's kind of odd how I was actually going to start a thread similar to this. I happen to be of the belief that the word Nigger has viable uses in society. Tec, I'm not sure where that definition came from but here's what I found

Quote:

<b>Nigger</b>
1. Used as a disparaging term for a Black person: “You can only be destroyed by believing that you really are what the white world calls a nigger” (James Baldwin)
2. Used as a disparaging term for a member of any dark-skinned people.

2. Used as a disparaging term for a member of any socially, economically, or politically deprived group of people: “Gun owners are the new niggers... of society” (John Aquilino).
If we look at the second definition we can see how it would be viable. There isn't any grey in that. I also don't believe in the intent and or context of a word when it comes to being offensive. If that were the case every single word known to man could be used as a derogatory slam. I.E. You make me mad and I flip out and call you " A FILTHY FORK!" You would just laugh and carry on. My intent was to be vicious and my context was the same yet it wouldn't get any attention. I guess what I'm saying is no one word should be different from another, but that's a different discussion.

As far as the word nigger applies to the "African American" community. Yes it was abused by slave owners and such. I can't rectify that wrong. I hate that it happend and hope that it is better now and continues to get better. However, given my stance on language and the word in question I wouldn't stop using it if I felt it was a viable word just because a black person was around. I have used it many times with a black person around and I've never had any trouble. Am I lucky? Maybe, but if they did try to give me trouble I would explain to them the how's and why's; even though I don't think there should be a how or why.

That's all I can think of right now.. if I think of more I'll edit it. Just remember this is my opinion so if you get mad, just remember I didn't get mad at yours.

raveneye 04-19-2005 07:20 AM

I haven't read Randall Kennedy's book Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (Pantheon) 2002, but it sounds like a good treatment of all the issues in this thread and more.

Here are a couple of reviews (from Harvard Educational Review and Society respectively).


Quote:

In his provocative book Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word, Randall Kennedy explores various meanings of this contentious and ambiguous word. Kennedy claims that the term "nigger is fascinating precisely because it has been put to a variety of uses and can radiate a wide array of meanings" (p. 34). He notes that words like honky, kike, wetback, and gook do not seem to capture the same attention or create the uneasiness that nigger does. Kennedy, a Harvard Law School professor, delves into the history of the word nigger as well as the countless ways and contexts in which the term is now being used by Americans of different ethnic and racial backgrounds.

Kennedy approaches the analysis of this highly controversial word in four detailed chapters. He begins chapter one, "The Protean N-Word," by retracing the origin of nigger, the various ways Americans tend to use the word and why it "generate [s] such powerful reactions" (p. 3). Nigger, Kennedy asserts, is derived from the Latin word niger for the color black, and has become part of the vocabulary of all types of people, including those Kennedy describes as "whites high and low" (p. 8). For example, Kennedy cites Supreme Court Justice James Clark McReynolds' reference to Howard University as the "nigger university" and President Harry S. Truman's reference to Congressman Adam Clayton Powell as "that damned nigger preacher" (p. 11). In this same chapter, Kennedy includes personal accounts of prominent Black Americans, such as Paul Robeson, Malcolm X, Michael Jordan, and Tiger Woods, who have been targets of this epithet. Interestingly, Kennedy points out that many Black Americans have actually embraced the word nigger and shifted its meaning to a more positive connotation that they use among themselves. For example, Kennedy documents Black American rap artist Ice Cube as saying, "When we call each other 'nigger' it means no harm. . . . But if a white person uses it, it's something different, it's a racist word" (p. 52). In contrast, Kennedy cites University of Pennsylvania professor Michael Eric Dyson, a Black American, who believes that "there is nothing necessarily wrong with a white person saying, 'nigger,' just as there is nothing necessarily wrong with a black person saying it. What should matter is the context in which the word is spoken - the speaker's aims, effects, alternatives" (pp. 51-52).

Kennedy also draws on a powerful comment made by journalist Jarvis Deberry, which describes the word nigger as "beautiful in its multiplicity of functions . . . capable of expressing so many contradictory emotions" (p. 37). To illustrate some of these "multiple functions," Kennedy cites sociologist John Hartigari's research, which describes how nigger can refer to anyone of any color or shade. For example, Hartigan's research documents how poor Whites in Detroit refer to their White neighbors as niggers, and in some cases as wiggers, which signifies a White nigger.

Having set a broad context for interpreting the word, Kennedy devotes the second chapter, "Nigger in Court," to discussing how the use of nigger has been debated over many years in court cases in the United States. He divides "Nigger in Court" into four sections that underscore Kennedy's assertion that the use of nigger is extremely complicated, and that court decisions dealing with this term reflect this complexity, as they are usually decided on contextual factors that differ from case to case.

Also in chapter two, Kennedy includes the various definitions of nigger in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and acknowledges that some Black Americans are not pleased with the way the term is defined. However, Kennedy is adamant that decisions "whether to note or how to define a deeply controversial word is an inescapably 'political' act, and claims to the contrary are either naive or disingenuous" (p. 136). Kennedy also incorporates the ideas of eradicationists (i.e., people who believe that any use of nigger is always inappropriate). Because he primarily sets out to describe various meanings of the term, such a view from eradicationists appears valid at best, but somewhat limited and uninformed for Kennedy's taste.

In chapter three, "Pitfalls in Fighting Nigger: Perils of Deception, Censoriousness, and Excessive Anger," Kennedy looks at how the word nigger has received much publicity when used in the media or in contexts other than the courts. To illustrate this point, Kennedy explores some White Americans' artistic use of nigger as well as Black Americans' perceptions about the word and White Americans' use of it. For instance, he mentions filmmaker's Spike Lee's belief that African American filmmakers have more of a right to use nigger than do White Americans. This chapter also addresses some people's concerns with Mark Twain's use of nigger in Huckleberry Finn. Kennedy claims that although Twain was once "inculcated with white-supremacist beliefs and sentiments," he eventually "underwent a dramatic metamorphosis" that radically changed his beliefs (p. 139). This change in Twain's perspective is actually reflected in Huckleberry Finn, which depicts the ignorance of White Americans who use the term.

Kennedy ends his third chapter with a proclamation that current Black comedians are liberally and appropriately "eschew[ing] boring conventions . . . that nigger can mean only one thing" (p. 171). Kennedy's briefest and final chapter, "How Are We Doing with Nigger?" suggests that "public opinion has effectively stigmatized nigger-as-insult," regardless of the context in which people use the term, and predicts that "as nigger is more widely disseminated and its complexity is more widely appreciated, censuring its use - even its use as an insult - will become more difficult" (p. 175).

With so many accounts of the use of nigger in various contexts, Kennedy appropriately concludes that "for bad and for good, nigger is . . . destined to remain with us for many years to come - a reminder of the ironies and dilemma, the tragedies and glories, of the American experience" (p. 170). Kennedy's provocative piece is a powerful illustration of how one term can have an array of meanings for those who use it, for those who interpret it, and in the specific situations in which the word is spoken and heard, written and read.

Quote:

Nigger: The Strange Career of a
Troublesome Word (Book)
By Randall Kennedy. New York: Pantheon, 2002, 227 pages

I recall William F. Buckley, Jr., on his old television show, interviewing Dick Gregory. After introducing the black comedian and social activist with the usual tributes to Gregory's accomplishments, Buckley mentioned, but refused to say the name of, Gregory's then-recent autobiography. Gregory needled Buckley to utter the one-word title, but Buckley demurred.

Gregory's book was titled Nigger, the word printed in large lowercase letters along its spine. Now Harvard Law School professor Randall Kennedy, also black, has written a book with the same title, the word again in large lowercase letters on the dust jacket's front and side. (Less consistent than Gregory's, Kennedy's book shifts to block capitals when the title appears on its cloth spine, title page, and the head of even-numbered pages of text.) Where Gregory's volume was the story of his life (of part of it, really, as Gregory was barely thirty when he wrote it), Kennedy's offers the story of the word itself--a story, as Kennedy thinks, with lessons for everyone.

The new book quickly became "a national campus bestseller," its title epithet, arrayed in neat rows and columns in store-windows, on shelves and endcaps, spit in the face of salesclerks and delivery staff, shoppers and browsers, students, pedestrians, and passers-by. Why, then, pick this title? In his autobiography's last sentences, Gregory offers a possible answer, writing of his and others' determination to change a "system where a white man can destroy a black man with a single word. Nigger." He pledges that, when they are done, "there won't be any niggers any more" (Gregory, p. 224).

No such answer will do for Kennedy. He not only dismisses claims of "destr[uction]" by language as hyperbolic, but also thinks they dangerously encourage black people today to maintain a "hypersensitivity" to verbal insults that their tougher parents or grandparents would have "shaken off" before getting on with their struggles (154). He similarly theorizes that our using the term, while not without drawbacks, helps us in "taming, civilizing, and transmuting" it, "yank[ing]" it from racists and converting it into a "positive appellation" (175). So, it seems, Kennedy gives his book the title he did, in effect conscripting us who have to ask for, carry, or name the book to his campaign to take back a word we might have preferred to disown.

Kennedy's endeavor to "tame" and "convert" his target term shapes and structures his slender book. Its first chapter aims to show that, though the word is most commonly thought a racial slur, some black people (and, increasingly, others) use it in other ways, as a term of affection and familiarity, to stress commonality, to emphasize the speaker's "authenticity" or class solidarity, and so on. Here Kennedy stresses that the word has changed its meaning, and continues to change, seeing its sense as a function of intonation, audience, and other factors. The second chapter more narrowly focuses on the term in the law, where, for example, its prior use against a killer is claimed as mitigating provocation. Throughout, Kennedy downplays the term's significance, arguing, for example, that it ought not count legally as a "fighting word" whose use palliates homicide. The third chapter deals with complaints, leveled chiefly against whites who used the term, and with the speech codes some advocated on campuses and sometimes even urged as civil legislation. Again, Kennedy thinks the protests--e.g., one against a dictionary's definition of the target word--mainly "misguided" and subject to "pitfalls."

Given the preceding text, it comes as no surprise when, in the book's brief closing chapter, Kennedy complacently concludes that "major institutions of American life are handling this combustible word about right" (172). Kennedy concedes that the term's ambiguity and complexity mean its retention will have drawbacks--misinterpretations and unintended offense, on one hand, and, on the other, greater difficulty in stigmatizing and censuring its offensive use. Still, in Kennedy's judgment, these are acceptable "costs" because "there is much to be gained" from its retention and "conversion"(174-175).

Kennedy illustrates each chapter's topics with a variety of cases, moving at breakneck speed. Perhaps this accounts for the implausibility of several of his judgments and the weakness of much of his argumentation. One example will suffice. Kennedy takes little exception to a college's white basketball coach using the slur to indicate (as he later explained its use) the sort of "fearless, mentally strong, and tough" players the team needed to become. Some of those who did not quite measure up he called "half-niggers" (142-147). Kennedy thinks the school was right to ask the coach not to repeat the incident, given the risk of outsiders misunderstanding, but judges further penalties excessive (145-148). Maybe so. However, even if he is right that the coach meant no harm or insult and that the young students themselves took no offense, this free play not just with slurs but also with stereotypes mixing race, class, and sex is more problematic than Kennedy acknowledges.

The coach wanted his players to emulate some supposed standard of a driven, brutish black male, which the man's formulation (compounding metonymy with synecdoche), takes as emblematic of the whole race. (Imagine if he had used a anti-Jewish slur in urging his players to be more frugal with the team's resources!) Sometimes Kennedy seems perversely unwillingly to acknowledge problems. Rightly protesting some proposed speech codes, Kennedy notes there is little evidence to support the oft-asserted claim that incidents of racist language are on the rise, since higher incidence of reporting could, for example, stem from more sensitivity rather than more incidents. Unfortunately, Kennedy goes beyond this legitimate observation to suggest the "possib[ility] that episodes of verbal abuse are actually indicative of racial progress"! (153) He reasons the paucity of previous racial incidents on some campuses may have resulted from the small number of black students with whom the white ones interacted. Only Pollyanna could feel so cheery about increasing black enrollments when the new black students are subjected to racist abuse.

Is Kennedy correct that we are generally doing well with this term? I am not convinced. He does not object to the use of his title's epithet by, among others, black rap lyricists and singers, comedians, and young people. Kennedy himself traces these uses to pessimistic emphasis on black oppression in America, suggests that "[t]o proclaim oneself a nigger is to identify oneself as real, authentic, uncut, unassimilated, and unassimilable", and sometimes indicates a lack of concern for possible misunderstanding, especially by whites (48-49,170). He thinks this use "exhibit[s] a bracing independence" and admirable repudiation of "boring conventions" (171).

Yet these phenomena are multiply troubling. The notion of racial authenticity cannot be prized away from a wrongheaded and dangerous racial essentialism. The downward, countercultural aspiration of those who see only the disaffected and alienated as "authentic" is a recipe for deepening not only social division but also racial despair and disaster. Similarly, Kennedy must realize that the emphasis on whites' stigmatizing and degrading of black people that is implicit in black people's embracing this most degrading of anti-black insults can only harden black resentment and sense of separation.

It is, I think, Kennedy's glib treatment of his target term's meaning that most disappoints. Throughout the book, Kennedy repeats that the word shifts "meaning," "usage," "defini[tion]," "denotation," "content," and "refer[ence]," from one instance of speech to another (36 f., 54, 55, 95 f., 171, 175). However, that the same word is on one occasion (part of) "an insult" and on another "a compliment," now "a term of belittlement" and later "of respect," hardly shows the term has changed its meaning. If the sentence "There's a fire" retains its meaning across its uses as a warning, observation, threat, etc.--and it does--then surely the word "fire" does not change its denotation, meaning, or (semantic) content. Differences in use, purpose, and pragmatic potential do not suffice for difference in linguistic meaning. Kennedy offers not the slightest reason for us to understand his eponymous word through a version of the error that the philosopher John Searle called 'the speech act theory meaning' when Searle refuted it three decades ago.

This may seem a small point, but the question of the word's meaning is important for some of the cases and issues Kennedy discusses. Kennedy judges "adequate" the controversial definition offered in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th edition), deeming its critics "misguided." That definition, as he quotes it, states the term chiefly means "a black person" or "a member of any dark-skinned race," adding that its use is "usually taken to be offensive" and an "offensive and inflammatory racial slur ... expressive of racial hatred and bigotry" (133-137). One protester objected that this definition "labeled ... anyone . . . who happened to have dark skin a nigger," a position Kennedy finds "unreasonable." Kennedy is correct; it is unreasonable to say flatly that the definition affixes the defined term as a "label" to anyone, since the definition also calls such labeling offensive and an expression of hate. Nevertheless, the dictionary's definition does entail that when someone uses the term to label a black (or dark-skinned) person, then what she says is true (because what she says is that her subject is black or dark-skinned) although the way she says it (using an inflammatory racial slur) is offensive and bigoted.

Does this matter? Some of the cases in Kennedy's book suggest it does. When Charles McLaurin answered "Negro" to a Southern policeman's question "Are you a Negro or a nigger?" he got a series of beatings that stopped only when he changed his answer to "I'm a nigger." Yet this dictionary's definition implies that his later answer, while obnoxiously phrased, was as accurate as his first, and that the question put him offered no substantive alternative (because both choices attributed to him the same properties, though the first phrased the matter in an ugly way). There is reason to think neither McLaurin nor we should welcome this implication.

In another case, Kennedy tells of little Lonnae O'Neal Parker, who froze when asked "Are you a nigger?" and then "Are you a nigger? You know, a black person?" Parker did not know what to say, but the girl accosting her agreed with the dictionary in offering her gloss, because Merriam-Webster, while not claiming anyone merits the label, is committed to saying that the label is correctly and truthfully applied to any black or dark-skinned person, though it is also offensively applied. Ought Parker, then, have accepted the label as accurate, though objectionably phrased?

Consider the most disturbing case: Miss Liza Mixon, a freed slave who told her former master "I ain't no nigger. I's a Negro..." (21,23,113). While a devotee of the dictionary's definition can see why Mixon might reject use of the slur, one would be hard-pressed to find Mixon correct in her denial, as that definition commits us to judge true that which Mixon denies: that she is a black or dark-skinned person. For the dictionary holds that the epithet labels a black person as black in a way that is accurate but disparaging. However, our sympathy with Mixon indicates that we want to say more. We want to say that the targeted term mislabels the black person. It is not just that the way we describe someone when we use the word is objectionable. More important, what we say about her seems false.

Merriam-Webster's dictionary is not alone in these uncomfortable implications. Recall that Gregory thought of himself as working towards a world in which "there won't be niggers any more." That this is something to work towards, however, suggests that right now we live in world in which there are such people. Plainly, Gregory did not mean to be calling some people black in an offensive way. Perhaps he held what today would be called a "social constructivist" position, according to which the label correctly applies to someone when she occupies a degraded social position. That is what constitutes its correct application, what philosophers call its "truth-conditions." Unfortunately, someone who takes that position has even less purchase for siding with McLaurin and Parker in their hesitation, let alone with Mixon in her denial. However regrettable it may be, each did in fact occupy the degraded social status that warrants the term if the constructionist is correct. (Mixon was expressing pride in her recent status as emancipated. Nevertheless, her status as ex-slave was, as events in the South would soon show, still sufficiently degraded to merit an opprobrious label on the social constructionist interpretation of Gregory, I suggest.)

Much depends, then, on what the term means, and it is not easy to fashion an account of its meaning that avoids these disreputable implications. The philosophers Charles Stevenson and Richard Hare both offered theories at mid-century according to which such emotionally charged terms as Kennedy's title have a special "emotive" or "prescriptive" meaning in addition to the "descriptive" meaning the dictionary offered. Such accounts, basing the term's contextual meaning on the speech acts it is used to perform, might allow us to think McLaurin, Parker, and Mixon justified in repudiating the racist label, but they are difficult to defend (targets of Searle, among others) and, more important, it is not clear they justify us not just in somehow objecting to the label's use (even Merriam-Webster's definition does that) but in rejecting its application precisely as false. Interestingly, the linguist John McWhorter, in reviewing Kennedy's book, suggests that "[w]hen a white person throws 'nigger' at a black person, what he or she is saying is 'You are inferior to me because of your race'" (McWhorter, pp. 36-37). If such an evaluative account of the term's meaning can be defended, it may vindicate McLaurin, Parker, and Mixon, and it is disappointing that McWhorter seems not to notice the relevance of his suggestion to the dictionary protest and the other cases mentioned here. An account like McWhorter's would still require Kennedy to show the term significantly changes its meaning (as expressing what philosopher Lawrence Blum calls an "inferiorizing" attitude) when the speaker goes from White to Black). In any case, there are intricate and consequential questions to be answered about the meaning of Kennedy's focal term. His book seriously engages none of them.

I asked why anyone should choose the title Kennedy does, and mentioned Gregory's response from his book's close. Gregory offers a different answer in his autobiography's epigraph. Addressing his deceased mother, he writes, "Dear Momma--if ever you see the word 'nigger' again, remember they are advertising my book" (Gregory, p. 5). This is wistful, even maudlin, but his pretending to take measures to protect his mother's feelings from the term's cruelty, even in her grave, indicates that Gregory appreciates the power of such words to do real damage. One wishes Kennedy had been as sensitive, as thoughtful--in both senses of that important word--about the significance (and signification) of the "troublesome word" that provides him a brazen, eye-catching title.

For me the word has always been taboo, something I wouldn't touch with a ten-foot pole. I don't remember ever using it. I've heard it used as an insult uncountable times.

As Kennedy points out it is a very interesting word in that there is no other racial or ethnic epithet that is as taboo and negative as this word. The history that created this fact embodies much of what is negative about America.


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