Tilted Forum Project Discussion Community  

Go Back   Tilted Forum Project Discussion Community > The Academy > Tilted Sexuality


 
 
LinkBack Thread Tools
Old 01-14-2008, 06:51 PM   #1 (permalink)
Rookie
 
Gatorade Frost's Avatar
 
Question on Pregnancy and Rape

A few years ago during a high school government class my teacher mentioned she was against abortion and that the chances of becoming impregnated from a rape were practically non-existent because the body prevents it during stressful experiences.

Does anyone know if there's any fact to this?
__________________
I got in a fight one time with a really big guy, and he said, "I'm going to mop the floor with your face." I said, "You'll be sorry." He said, "Oh, yeah? Why?" I said, "Well, you won't be able to get into the corners very well."
Emo Philips
Gatorade Frost is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 06:57 PM   #2 (permalink)
Tilted Cat Head
 
Cynthetiq's Avatar
 
Administrator
Location: Manhattan, NY
That's the most ignorant thing I've heard today.

Sperm + Egg = pregnancy

not much more to it than that.
__________________
I don't care if you are black, white, purple, green, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, hippie, cop, bum, admin, user, English, Irish, French, Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Muslim, indian, cowboy, tall, short, fat, skinny, emo, punk, mod, rocker, straight, gay, lesbian, jock, nerd, geek, Democrat, Republican, Libertarian, Independent, driver, pedestrian, or bicyclist, either you're an asshole or you're not.
Cynthetiq is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 06:59 PM   #3 (permalink)
Here
 
World's King's Avatar
 
Location: Denver City Denver
Sounds like bullshit to me.
__________________
heavy is the head that wears the crown
World's King is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:04 PM   #4 (permalink)
warrior bodhisattva
 
Baraka_Guru's Avatar
 
Super Moderator
Location: East-central Canada
Now you must question your entire education.

What if everything you know is wrong?
__________________
Knowing that death is certain and that the time of death is uncertain, what's the most important thing?
—Bhikkhuni Pema Chödrön

Humankind cannot bear very much reality.
—From "Burnt Norton," Four Quartets (1936), T. S. Eliot
Baraka_Guru is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:05 PM   #5 (permalink)
Tilted
 
"A single act of rape may be more than twice as likely to make a woman pregnant as a single act of consensual sex."

--http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn907
funydjane is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:09 PM   #6 (permalink)
Here
 
World's King's Avatar
 
Location: Denver City Denver
Quote:
Originally Posted by funydjane
"A single act of rape may be more than twice as likely to make a woman pregnant as a single act of consensual sex."

--http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn907

Well, there you go...
__________________
heavy is the head that wears the crown
World's King is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:13 PM   #7 (permalink)
... a sort of licensed troubleshooter.
 
Willravel's Avatar
 
Cases of abortion due to rape that are reported are exceedingly low (.03%). That's about as close as I can come to what your idiot teacher said. The stress thing is massively ignorant to science. Maybe you should ignore science information from a government teacher. Our own government is practically convinced that stem cell research is a sin.
Willravel is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:38 PM   #8 (permalink)
Darth Papa
 
ratbastid's Avatar
 
Location: Yonder
Quote:
Originally Posted by funydjane
"A single act of rape may be more than twice as likely to make a woman pregnant as a single act of consensual sex."

--http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn907
Well, the article is talking about procreative strategy on a sociological level, not really the odds of pregnancy in a single rape versus a single act of consensual intercourse.

Re the OP: That teacher is bringing her anti-abortion agenda into the classroom. It was most likely out of bounds for her to be talking about--especially citing such dangerously flawed "science".
ratbastid is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 07:38 PM   #9 (permalink)
I Confess a Shiver
 
Plan9's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by willravel
Our own government is practically convinced that stem cell research is a sin.
Not to be flippant... but when/where do we let atheists decide what is a sin, again?

Just sayin'!

...

Yeah, I'm about as religious as Paris Hilton's labia... but I leave the voodoo to the witch doctors.
__________________
Whatever you can carry.

"You should not drink... and bake."
Plan9 is offline  
Old 01-14-2008, 11:06 PM   #10 (permalink)
Rookie
 
Gatorade Frost's Avatar
 
A few years after the fact once I started actually considering her opinion I felt like it was bullshit, knowing what I know now about biology. I just felt compelled to check to be sure in case maybe there was a shred of evidence, however it doesn't appear as though there is.
__________________
I got in a fight one time with a really big guy, and he said, "I'm going to mop the floor with your face." I said, "You'll be sorry." He said, "Oh, yeah? Why?" I said, "Well, you won't be able to get into the corners very well."
Emo Philips
Gatorade Frost is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 12:16 AM   #11 (permalink)
Evil Priest: The Devil Made Me Do It!
 
Daniel_'s Avatar
 
Location: Southern England
Quote:
Originally Posted by Crompsin
Not to be flippant... but when/where do we let atheists decide what is a sin, again?

Just sayin'!

...

Yeah, I'm about as religious as Paris Hilton's labia... but I leave the voodoo to the witch doctors.
I agree and agree.

But in MY country we keep the witch doctors to their voodoo and don't give them the keys to the main office.
__________________
╔═════════════════════════════════════════╗
Overhead, the Albatross hangs motionless upon the air,
And deep beneath the rolling waves,
In labyrinths of Coral Caves,
The Echo of a distant time
Comes willowing across the sand;
And everthing is Green and Submarine

╚═════════════════════════════════════════╝
Daniel_ is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 08:41 AM   #12 (permalink)
... a sort of licensed troubleshooter.
 
Willravel's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by Crompsin
Not to be flippant... but when/where do we let atheists decide what is a sin, again?

Just sayin'!
You know the part in a movie where the priest is asked if he ever did it and he goes... "I wasn't born a priest"?

I wasn't born an atheist.
Willravel is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 08:47 AM   #13 (permalink)
Tilted Cat Head
 
Cynthetiq's Avatar
 
Administrator
Location: Manhattan, NY
Quote:
Originally Posted by willravel
You know the part in a movie where the priest is asked if he ever did it and he goes... "I wasn't born a priest"?

I wasn't born an atheist.
Really? as soon as you shot out of the womb you were already mentally indoctrinated with a religous doctrine and culture?

Did your parents do that womb radio listening to classical musice except you got fire and brimstone sermons?
__________________
I don't care if you are black, white, purple, green, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, hippie, cop, bum, admin, user, English, Irish, French, Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Muslim, indian, cowboy, tall, short, fat, skinny, emo, punk, mod, rocker, straight, gay, lesbian, jock, nerd, geek, Democrat, Republican, Libertarian, Independent, driver, pedestrian, or bicyclist, either you're an asshole or you're not.
Cynthetiq is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 08:47 AM   #14 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
A stupid teacher in a US classroom?

Shocking.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 09:13 AM   #15 (permalink)
immoral minority
 
ASU2003's Avatar
 
Location: Back in Ohio
I wonder if there is any correlation between when a woman gets raped and where she is in her fertility cycle? I would doubt it, but it would be something to study.
ASU2003 is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 09:55 AM   #16 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by ASU2003
I wonder if there is any correlation between when a woman gets raped and where she is in her fertility cycle? I would doubt it, but it would be something to study.
I don't know about rape but there is DEFINITELY a correlation between having an affair and fertility cycle. Genetically its the whole reason for an affair.

Its estimated, at least in England where the studies were done, that 20% of the children are not their listed fathers children. A study was done in an apartment block and this was found to be the case, so people said 'maybe its just this particular area' so they went nation wide and found the same trend.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 11:53 AM   #17 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Ilow's Avatar
 
Location: Pats country
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ustwo
I don't know about rape but there is DEFINITELY a correlation between having an affair and fertility cycle. Genetically its the whole reason for an affair.

Its estimated, at least in England where the studies were done, that 20% of the children are not their listed fathers children. A study was done in an apartment block and this was found to be the case, so people said 'maybe its just this particular area' so they went nation wide and found the same trend.
I remember seeing that article about the 20% rate, and thought it was probably on the right track, but perhaps a little high. I would expect that if a study was done with rape victims, there might be some correlation between the rape and their fertility cycle, except that in the case of rape it becomes a case of blaming the victim, which is in very bad taste in this matter.
__________________
"Religion is the one area of our discourse in which it is considered noble to pretend to be certain about things no human being could possibly be certain about"
--Sam Harris
Ilow is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 12:15 PM   #18 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Hektore's Avatar
 
Location: Greater Harrisburg Area
Quote:
Originally Posted by Gatorade Frost
A few years ago during a high school government class my teacher mentioned she was against abortion and that the chances of becoming impregnated from a rape were practically non-existent because the body prevents it during stressful experiences.

Does anyone know if there's any fact to this?
Well, it seems to be fairly common knowledge that high stress can be a cause things like irregular menstual cycles and even occasionally implicated as a cause for miscarraiges in women who are already pregnant. It seems rather clear to me that stress hormones can impact reproductive hormones to varying degrees in women. This is not to say that I believe your teacher was doing anything other than trying to push an agenda, but there may be something there that cannot simply be dismissed as ludicrous.

I had a professor that used to say there is a lot of 'slop' in biology, meaning there are always exceptions to the rule, if you are willing to look for them. So, my answer to this question is going to be a little less cut and dry than some others. It would greatly surprise me if not one women ever had her body reject a potential pregnancy because of a stressful experience (not that stressful even remotely defines rape), but it would be equally as shocking that this phenomenon applies to all women.

Of course all this is useless banter without naming names, so now I'm off to review some textbooks. /curses selling back that reproductive biology book

PS. As far as pregnancy is concerned - timing is everything, ask anyone who has ever had to put work into conception (not that anyone doesn't put work into it ). There is actually a fairly short time window where a woman can become pregnant, I would imagine this accounts for the vast majority of rape cases that do not end in pregnancy.
__________________
The advantage law is the best law in rugby, because it lets you ignore all the others for the good of the game.
Hektore is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 01:14 PM   #19 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Infinite_Loser's Avatar
 
Location: Lake Mary, FL
If I remember correctly, rape related pregnancies are estimated at somewhere between 1 - 4.7% (Depending on the source you use), which is well below the consensual sex pregnancy rates. Anywho, I was able to find this on the internet without too much effort.

http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=4442#1

Quote:
Stress and fertility

Infertility—failure to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse—affects approximately 10% of the reproductive-age U.S. population (Box).3-8 Does stress affect a woman’s chance of becoming pregnant? Research into this question—voiced by Mrs. S—has produced conflicting results.5,9,10

Stress does not universally prevent pregnancy; women have conceived as a result of rape. However, chronic extreme stress—such as that imposed by war, imprisonment, or starvation—can change the menstrual cycle. Effects range from subtle luteal-phase deficiency to menses cessation.9 It may be that evolution favored females of species who could “turn off ” fertility during stressful times to conserve physical resources and “turn it back on” and bear offspring after the threat passed.
Therefore, I wouldn't instantly dismiss the OP's teacher as moronic, as there very well may be some truth to what (s)he said. Sure, she might have been trying to 'further her own agenda' or whatever you want to call it, but there's no denying that there is at least some information to back her claim up that stress tends to prevent pregnancies, albeit not to the point where it's 'nearly impossible'.
__________________
I believe in equality; Everyone is equally inferior to me.

Last edited by Infinite_Loser; 01-15-2008 at 01:19 PM..
Infinite_Loser is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 03:28 PM   #20 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Hektore's Avatar
 
Location: Greater Harrisburg Area
Ok, I'm back and this is what I found, to prove I wasn't just talking out of my ass. Most (almost all) of the links will direct you to wikipedia, not for wikipedia's reputation for accuracy , only because the information is offered fairly clearly there and it provides a convienient place to quote from.


The short version - stress causes cortisol levels to rise, causing inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretions. CRH stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is resposible for stimiluating the production of sex hormones, including Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), one of many precursors to estradiol, which is resposible via gonadatropin-releasing hormone(GNRH) for the stimulation and release of FSH and LH, two hormones absolutely essential for successful reproduction.

The longer version
Cortisol
Quote:
Originally Posted by wikipedia
...is a vital hormone that is often referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in the response to stress

...

It inhibits the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion.
from the ACTH
Quote:
Originally Posted by wikipedia
ACTH acts through the stimulation of cell surface ACTH receptors, which are primarily located on the adrenocortical cells. ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens).
From the androgens page.
Quote:
Originally Posted by wikipedia
A subset of androgens, adrenal androgens, includes any of the 19-carbon steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex, the outer portion of the adrenal gland (zonula reticularis - innermost region of the adrenal cortex), that function as weak steroids or steroid precursors, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione.

Besides testosterone, other androgens include:

* Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone.
DHEA
Quote:
Originally Posted by wikipedia
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism). DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, which can undergo further conversion to produce the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. DHEA is also a potent sigma-1 agonist.
An image of GNRH
Quote:
Originally Posted by wikipedia
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), also known as Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.

...

Control of FSH and LH

At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GNRH1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens.
And finally for the curious the pages about LH and FSH .

Also some evididence from abnormality - Cushings Disease
Quote:
Originally Posted by NIH
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Sometimes called "hypercortisolism," it is relatively rare and most commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50. An estimated 10 to 15 of every million people are affected each year.

...

Women usually have excess hair growth on their faces, necks, chests, abdomens, and thighs. Their menstrual periods may become irregular or stop. Men have decreased fertility with diminished or absent desire for sex.
This presents a compelling although far from airtight case, and again the 'slop' comes into play. Notice on the Cushing's page that it says Cushing''s may lead to having irregular or stopped periods. There is a great deal of interplay and both positive/negative feedback loops all thoughout these pathways. Add to that, there is a great deal of variety between person to person what is considered normal and how strongly each individual pathway acts with each other. This can cause next to zero reproductive effects from stress in some, in can all but stop the ability to reproduce in others. So I'll say what I said before - It would greatly surprise me if not one women ever had her body reject a potential pregnancy because of a stressful experience, but it would be equally as shocking that this phenomenon applies equally to all women. I'm sorry if you were hoping for a simple yes or no.
__________________
The advantage law is the best law in rugby, because it lets you ignore all the others for the good of the game.
Hektore is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 03:54 PM   #21 (permalink)
Here
 
World's King's Avatar
 
Location: Denver City Denver
Was your teacher ugly?
__________________
heavy is the head that wears the crown
World's King is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 04:48 PM   #22 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Long term stress can screw up ovulation.

Being happy and fine and then getting raped on the other hand means she may have already ovulated.

Pregnancy in rape will be only a small percentage of pregnancies only because rape isn't THAT common and the odds of getting pregnant is about 3-5% from NORMAL one time sex. To be clear if you have sex with a random woman of child bearing age without protection the odds of getting pregnant are 3-5% as she may not be ovulating, and even if she is it may not take.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 01-15-2008, 05:10 PM   #23 (permalink)
Here
 
World's King's Avatar
 
Location: Denver City Denver
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ustwo
Long term stress can screw up ovulation.

Being happy and fine and then getting raped on the other hand means she may have already ovulated.

Pregnancy in rape will be only a small percentage of pregnancies only because rape isn't THAT common and the odds of getting pregnant is about 3-5% from NORMAL one time sex. To be clear if you have sex with a random woman of child bearing age without protection the odds of getting pregnant are 3-5% as she may not be ovulating, and even if she is it may not take.

You're supposed to end that with "But you should always wear a condom anyway. Or at least blow your wad in her hair."
__________________
heavy is the head that wears the crown
World's King is offline  
Old 01-16-2008, 07:36 PM   #24 (permalink)
~*~*~*~*~*~*~
 
*Nikki*'s Avatar
 
Location: Charleston, SC
Quote:
Originally Posted by ASU2003
I wonder if there is any correlation between when a woman gets raped and where she is in her fertility cycle? I would doubt it, but it would be something to study.
Yeah I would say so. A woman can only get pregnant at a certain time in her cycle regardless of who is the sperm donor.
*Nikki* is offline  
Old 01-16-2008, 08:59 PM   #25 (permalink)
Junkie
 
james t kirk's Avatar
 
Location: Toronto
The simple answer is usually theee answer.

Your teacher is a pro birther. She has an agenda and that is outlawing the right to choice. Rape has often been cited as justification for abortion that causes even the pro birth crowd to rethink their position. As a result, the hard core pro birth crowd needs to find a solution to the rape / abortion arguement. Answer - oh, you can't get pregnant from rape.

Nice try.

When Berlin was conquored by the Russians in 1945, the Russian soldiers went on a rape spree. It is conservatively estimated that 2 million German women were raped by the Russian occupiers in a few months in 1945.

Guess what, abortion demands in Germany went through the roof.

If there were ever women that were stressed out, it would have been German women in 1945. Let's see, 5 years of daily bombings, millions killed, your city is reduced to rubble, starvation, disease, barbarism beyond comprehension, and now add to that millions of Russians occupying your city and raping you at will and HEY, GUESS WHAT, nature still works through all of that and millions of babies are conceived.
james t kirk is offline  
Old 01-16-2008, 09:00 PM   #26 (permalink)
Junkie
 
james t kirk's Avatar
 
Location: Toronto
The simple answer is usually theee answer.

Your teacher is a pro birther. She has an agenda and that is outlawing the right to choice. Rape has often been cited as justification for abortion that causes even the pro birth crowd to rethink their position. As a result, the hard core pro birth crowd needs to find a solution to the rape / abortion arguement. Answer - oh, you can't get pregnant from rape.

Nice try.

When Berlin was conquored by the Russians in 1945, the Russian soldiers went on a rape spree. It is conservatively estimated that 2 million German women were raped by the Russian occupiers in a few months in 1945.

Guess what, abortion demands in Germany went through the roof.

If there were ever women that were stressed out, it would have been German women in 1945. Let's see, 5 years of daily bombings, millions killed, your city is reduced to rubble, starvation, disease, barbarism beyond comprehension, and now add to that millions of Russians occupying your city and raping you at will and HEY, GUESS WHAT, nature still works through all of that and millions of babies are conceived.
james t kirk is offline  
Old 01-16-2008, 09:37 PM   #27 (permalink)
Pissing in the cornflakes
 
Ustwo's Avatar
 
Quote:
Originally Posted by *Nikki*
Yeah I would say so. A woman can only get pregnant at a certain time in her cycle regardless of who is the sperm donor.
The question is if a woman is MORE likely to get raped while ovulating. In other words the male knows subconsciously that she is fertile and will then be more driven to rape her.

As far as I know a random rapist would have no way of knowing, perhaps with date rape but I've never seen any data on it.
__________________
Agents of the enemies who hold office in our own government, who attempt to eliminate our "freedoms" and our "right to know" are posting among us, I fear.....on this very forum. - host

Obama - Know a Man by the friends he keeps.
Ustwo is offline  
Old 01-17-2008, 12:00 PM   #28 (permalink)
Junkie
 
Location: Melbourne, Australia
I'd not be surprised if the chance was slightly less than in normal intercourse.

There are suggestions that pleasure responses in women does increase the chance of conception. However... you'd probably find that research on this is likely to be, err, quite uncommon. Really, this speculation is more about the how/why of female orgasm... and it is just speculation as far as I know. (It's not my field at all).

When it comes to a single case... we should be realistic. There seem to be many-many of pregnacies that have come about through rape. In global conflict zones for example.

IMHO, only a crude insensitive fool would raise fertility in this context, with kids.
Nimetic is offline  
 

Tags
pregnancy, question, rape


Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On



All times are GMT -8. The time now is 07:21 PM.

Tilted Forum Project

Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7
Copyright ©2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
Search Engine Optimization by vBSEO 3.6.0 PL2
© 2002-2012 Tilted Forum Project

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360