Your instructor is full of shit. To my knowledge, barring a few special cases such as DARE cars or high pursuit vehicles, very few if any police vehicles use forced induction.
The exact specs will vary depending on what make and model we're talking. There are several cars available with police packages. The Crown Victoria is one of (if not the) most popular in North America, but Chevrolet used to do the Caprice as a police vehicle and currently has a police package on the Impala. The Dodge Charger is also wildly popular for this application. Pretty much any sedan of a reasonable size will get the job done, but it's up to the manufacturer whether they're going to offer the police package on a specific model.
The most dramatic changes are usually in the electrical and cooling systems. Police cruisers need a lot of extra juice for all the fancy gadgetry they need, which demands a high output alternator and big, beefy battery along with the additional wiring and fuses. They also spend a lot of time idling, so an oil-to-coolant heat exchanger is a bare minimum on the cooling, along with potentially a separate transmission cooler. I think anti-stab plates in the seatbacks are also pretty much universal, but I've never heard of a car being "bullet proofed" -- it's not a practical option in anything you want to do 0-60 in under a week.
You'l also generally see stiffer suspension and a reinforced frame with bigger badder body mounts (where applicable). Odds are the guy you watched on teevee fucked the ever loving hell out of his front alignment if he mounted a curb at high speed, and just kept going figuring that the guys at the station would unfuck it after the bad guys had been dealt with. They may be a bit more solid than your civilian model, but they're not magic.
Engine or drivetrains may or may not differ from the civilian models. Chevrolet calls their police package the 9C1, and it usually comes with an engine upgrade, but the current Crown Vics use the same engine as the civilian model,
according to that wiki thing. They do have the speed limiter bumped up and also come with a more aggressive diff ratio, but that's about the extent of it.
So, short answer to your question is not as much changes as you probably think and a good chunk of it is boring non-performance related stuff.